Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges

THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

a. The antecedent of ὅς is often τοιοῦτος (1249). The antecedent of ὅς, ὅσπερ, οἷος, may be ὅμοιος, παραπλήσιος, ἴσος.

[*] 2504. On comparative clauses of degree with τοσούτῳ . . . ὅσῳ, etc., see 2468 ff.

[*] 2505. Definite and Indefinite Antecedent.—The antecedent of a relative pronoun or adverb may be definite or indefinite.

a. A definite antecedent refers to a definite or particular person, thing, time, place, or manner. When the antecedent is definite, the relative clause takes any form that occurs in an independent sentence (921); with οὐ as the negative, unless the particular construction requires μή.

b. An indefinite antecedent refers to an indefinite person, thing, time, place, or manner. When the antecedent is indefinite, the relative clause commonly has a conditional force, and, if negative, takes μή like the protasis of a conditional sentence.

[*] 2506. In general when the relative clause has the indicative, the antecedent is either definite (negative οὐ) or indefinite (negative μή). When the relative clause has the subjunctive with ἄν or the optative (not in a wish), the antecedent is indefinite (negative μή).

DEFINITE: ταῦτα ἃ βούλεται πρά_ττει he does what he wants (i.e. the particular thing he wants to do). Negative ταῦτα ἃ οὐ βούλεται πρά_ττει.

INDEFINITE: ταῦτα ἅτινα βούλεται πρά_ττει he does whatever he wants (i.e. if he wants to do anything, he does it); negative ταῦτα ἅτινα μὴ βούλεται πρά_ττει. So ταῦτα ἅτινα ἂν βούληται πρά_ττει whatever he wants to do, that he always does, ταῦτα ἅτινα βούλοιτο ἔπρα_ττε whatever he wanted to do, that he always did, ταῦτα ἅτινα ἂν βούληται πρά_ξει whatever he wants to do, that he will do, ταῦτα ἅτινα βούλοιτο, πρά_ττοι ἄν whatever he might want to do, that he would (will) do. In the last four sentences the negative of the relative clause is μή.

[*] 2507. When the verb of the relative clause stands in the indicative, the distinction between a definite and indefinite antecedent is commonly clear only in negative sentences.

ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι whatever I do not know (= εἴ τινα μὴ οἶδα) I do not even think I know P. A. 21d. Here ἃ οὐκ οἶδα would mean the particular things I am ignorant of, and would have no conditional force whatever. So in ““οὐκ οἶδ᾽: ἐφ᾽ οἷς γὰρ μὴ φρονῶ σι_γᾶν φιλῶ” I do not know; for I am wont to be silent in matters which I do not understand” S. O. T. 569.

[*] 2508. When the antecedent is definite, the simple relatives (ὅς, οἷος, ὅσος, etc.) are used; when indefinite, the compound relatives (ὅστις, ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος, etc.) are used, but the simple relatives are often employed instead. When the antecedent is indefinite, ὅς usually has the subjunctive with ἄν or the optative; while ὅστις is preferred to ὅς if the verb is indicative (2569).

[*] 2509. Omission of the Antecedent to a Relative.—The demonstrative pronoun antecedent to a relative is often omitted: either when it is in the same case as the relative, or in a different case from the relative. The omission occurs when the antecedent expresses the general idea of person or thing, and often when the relative clause precedes.

ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ (οὗτοι) ὧν κρατῶ μενοῦμεν but I and those whom I command will remain X. C. 5.1.26, καλὸν τὸ θνῄσκειν οἷς (for τούτοις οἷς) ὕβριν τὸ ζῆν φέρει death is sweet to those to whom life brings contumely Men. Sent. 291, λέγω πάντας εἰσφέρειν ἀφ᾽ ὅσων (for ἀπὸ τοσούτων ὅσα) ἕκαστος ἔχει I say that all must contribute according to the ability of each (from such means as each man has) D. 2.31.

[*] 2510. In general statements in the subjunctive with ἄν or the indicative, the relative, referring to a person, is often without an antecedent and has the force of εἴ τις. In such cases the main clause contains a substantive or a neuter adjective with ἐστί (which is commonly omitted), and the relative is the subject of the sentence or in apposition to it.

συμφορὰ_ δ᾽, δ̀ς ἂν τύχῃ κακῆς γυναικός it is a calamity if a man gets a bad wife E. fr. 1056, καὶ τοῦτο μεῖζον τῆς ἀληθεία_ς κακόν, ὅστις τὰ μὴ προσόντα κέκτηται κακά and this is a misfortune exceeding the reality, if a man incurs the blame for evils that are not his doing E. Hel. 271, ὅστις . . . πρὸς θεῶν κακοῦται, βαρύ if a man suffers ill-usage from the gods, it is grievous E. Hel. 267.

a. The antecedent may be a genitive of quality (1320). Thus, ἀπόρων ἐστὶ . . ., οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι δι᾽ ἐπιορκία_ς . . . πρά_ττειν τι it is the characteristic of men without resources to wish (lit. who wish) to accomplish their purposes by perjury X. A. 2.5.21 (here ἐθέλειν alone might be expected, but οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι follows as if ἄποροί εἰσιν had preceded), τοῦτο ἡγοῦμαι μέγα τεκμήριον ἄρχοντος ἀρετῆς εἶναι ᾧ ἂν (= ἐά_ν τινι or αὐτῷ) ἑκόντες ἕπωνται I regard this as striking testimony to the merit of a ruler if men follow one (him) of their own free will X. O. 4.19.

[*] 2511. The antecedent of a neuter relative is often omitted, leaving the relative with the force of a conjunction. So ἐξ οὗ and ἀφ᾽ οὗ since, ἐν ᾧ while, εἰς <*>῞ till, μέχρι (ἄχρι) οὗ until. ἀνθ᾽ ὧν and ἐξ ὧν because (cp. οὕνεκα, ὁθούνεκα), ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε on condition that (2279).

[*] 2512. A demonstrative adverb may be suppressed: ἄξω ὑ_μᾶς ἔνθα (for ἐκεῖσε ἔνθα) τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐγένετο I will bring you to the spot where the affair took place X. C. 5.4.21, ἀποκλείοντες ὅθεν (for ἐκεῖθεν ὅθεν) ἄν τι λαβεῖν ᾖ shutting them out from places whence it may be possible to take anything X. M. 2.1.16.

[*] 2513. ἔστιν ὅστις, εἰσὶν οἵ.—The antecedent is omitted in the phrases ἔστιν ὅστις (rarely ὅς) there is some one who, somebody, plural εἰσὶν οἵ some (less often ἔστιν οἵ), ἦσαν οἵ (of the past).

ἔστιν οὖν ὅστις βούλεται ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων βλάπτεσθαι; is there then any one who wishes to be harmed by his companions? P. A. 25d, ““οὔτε..ἔστιν οὔτ᾽ ἔσται ὅτῳ ἐγὼ καταλείψω τὸν ἐμὸν οἶκον” there neither is nor will there be any one to whom I may leave my property” X. C. 5.4.30, εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ οἳ . . . φεύγουσιν some horses too run away X. Eq. 3.4, ““εἰσὶ δ᾽ αὐτῶν οὓς οὐδ᾽ ἂν παντάπα_σι διαβαίητε” and some of them you would not be able even to cross at all” X. A. 2.5.18, ἦσαν δὲ οἳ καὶ πῦρ προσέφερον and some brought firebrands too 5. 2. 14, ἔστιν ὅτῳ . . . πλείω ἐπιτρέπεις ἢ τῇ γυναικί; is there any one to whom you entrust more than to your wife? X. O. 3.12, ““ἔστιν οἵ καὶ ἐτύγχανον καὶ θωρά_κων καὶ γέρρων” some hit both the cuirasses and wicker-shields” X. C. 2.3.18. ἔστιν οἵ is not an example of 961, but due to the analogy of ἔστιν ὅτε (ἐνίοτε), ἔστιν οὗ, etc.

[*] 2514. The oblique cases of εἰσὶν οἵ there are those who = some (ἔνιοι) are regularly formed by ἔστιν ὧν, ἔστιν οἷς, ἔστιν οὕς (or οὕστινας), which are used also of the past and future.

““πλὴν Ἰώνων . . . καὶ ἔστιν ὧν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν” except the Ionians and some other nations” T. 3.92, αὐχμοὶ ἔστι παρ᾽ οἷς μεγάλοι great droughts among some 1. 23, ““ἔστι μὲν οὓς αὐτῶν κατέβαλον” some of them they struck down” X. H. 2.4.6, ““ἔστιν ἃ καὶ πολίσματα εἷλεν” he captured also some towns” T. 1.65.

a. Xenophon also uses ἦν οἵ; thus, ““τῶν δὲ πολεμίων ἦν οὓς ὑποσπόνδους ἀπέδοσαν” there were some of the enemy whom they restored under a truce” X. H. 7.5.17.

[*] 2515. Here belong certain idiomatic phrases due to the omission of the antecedent: ἔστιν οὗ (ὅπου) somewhere, sometimes, ἔστιν ᾗ in some way, ἔστιν ὅτε and ἐνίοτε (= ἔνι ὅτε, cp. 175 b) sometimes, ἔστιν ὅπως somehow (in questions = is it possible that?), οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως in no way, it is not possible that (lit. there is not how).

““ἔστι δ᾽ οὗ σι_γὴ λόγου κρείσσων γένοιτ᾽ ἄν” but sometimes silence may prove better than speech” E. Or. 638, ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ οἷς (2514) ““βέλτι_ον τεθνάναι ἢ ζῆν” sometimes and for some people it is better to die than to live” P. Ph. 62a, οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως . . . ἂν ἡμᾶς ἔτι λάθοι it is not possible that he should elude us again A. Vesp. 212, ““οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἐπιθήσεται ἡμῖν” it is not possible that he will not attack us” X. A. 2.4.3.

[*] 2516. οὐδὲν οἷον (with the inf.) there is nothing like stands for οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον, οἷόν ἐστι. Thus, ““οὐδὲν οἷον τὸ αὐτὸν ἐρωτᾶν” there is nothing like questioning him” P. G. 447c.

[*] 2517. Relative not repeated.—If two or more relative clauses referring to the same antecedent are connected by a copulative conjunction and the second relative would have to stand in a different case from the first, it is either omitted or its place is taken by αὐτός (less frequently by οὗτος or ἐκεῖνος) or a personal pronoun. Here, instead of a repeated relative, we have an independent sentence coördinated with the relative clause.

Ἀριαῖος, ὃν ἡμεῖς ἠθέλομεν βασιλέα_ καθιστάναι, καὶ (ᾧ) ἐδώκαμεν καὶ (παρ᾽ οὗ) ἐλάβομεν πιστὰ . . . ἡμᾶς κακῶς ποιεῖν πειρᾶται Ariaeus, whom we wished to set up as king, and to whom we gave, and from whom we received pledges, is attempting to injure us X. A. 3.2.5, ποῦ δὴ ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν ὁ ἀνὴρ δ̀ς συνεθήρα_ ἡμῖν καὶ σύ μοι μάλα ἐδόκεις θαυμάζειν αὐτόν; where, pray, is that man who used to hunt with us and whom you seemed to me to admire greatly? X. C. 3.1.38, καὶ νῦν τί χρὴ δρᾶν; ὅστις ἐμφανῶς θεοῖς ἐχθαίρομαι, μι_σεῖ δέ μ᾽ Ἑλλήνων στρατός and now what must I do? Since I (lit. I who) am manifestly hateful to the gods, and the army of the Greeks hates me S. Aj. 457. Cp. “Whose fan is in His hand, and He shall thoroughly purge His floor.”

a. The relative is sometimes repeated as in English (X. A. 1.7.3, T. 2.43. 2, 44. 1).

[*] 2518. If the demonstrative would have to stand in the nominative, it is commonly omitted unless the demands of emphasis require its presence: (τέχναις) α_ς ἐπιστήμα_ς μὲν πολλάκις προσείπομεν διὰ τὸ ἔθος, δέονται δὲ ὀνόματος ἄλλου arts which we have often called sciences because it is usual to do so, but they require another name P. R. 533d (here αὗται, not αἵ, is the subject).

[*] 2519. Preposition not repeated.—A preposition governing a relative pronoun is usually omitted if it stands in the same case as the preceding noun or pronoun before which the preposition has already been used. See 1671.

[*] 2520. Verb omitted.—The verb of a relative clause is often omitted when it belongs also to the main clause.

φίλους νομίζουσ᾽ οὕσπερ ἂν πόσις σέθεν (νομίζῃ φίλους) regarding as friends those whom thy husband so regards E. Med. 1153. Or the verb of the main clause may be omitted: τὰ γὰρ ἄλλα (ἐποίει) ὅσαπερ καὶ ὑ_μεῖς ἐποιεῖτε for the rest he did just what you too were doing X. C. 4.1.3.

[*] 2521. Transition from a relative to an independent clause sometimes occurs.

（ἰχθύων) οὓς οἱ Σύροι θεοὺς ἐνόμιζον καὶ ἀδικεῖν οὐκ εἴων, οὐδὲ τὰ_ς περιστερά_ς fish which the Syrians regard as gods and which they will not permit to be injured, nor do they permit the doves to be injured X. A. 1.4.9.

[*] 2522. Attraction.—A relative pronoun is often attracted from its proper case into the case of its antecedent, especially from the accusative into the genitive or dative. A demonstrative pronoun to whose case the relative is attracted, is usually omitted if unemphatic. Cp. “Vengeance is his, or whose he sole appoints:” Milton.

a. Genitive.—ἄξιοι τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς ἧς (for ἣν) ““κέκτησθε” worthy of the freedom which you possess” X. A. 1.7.3, πρὸ τῶν κακῶν ὧν (for ἃ) ““οἶδα” instead of the evils which I know” P. A. 29b, ἀφ᾽ ὧν (for τούτων ἃ) ““ἴστε” from what you know” D. 19.216, Μήδων ὅσων (for ὅσους) ἑώρα_κα . . . ὁ ἐμὸς πάππος κάλλιστος my grandfather is the handsomest of all the Medes I have seen X. C. 1.3.2, μὴ ὑποκειμένων οἵων δεῖ θεμελίων (for τοιούτων οἷα δεῖ ὑποκεῖσθαι) if the foundations were not as they ought to be X. Eq. 1.2.

b. Dative.—φοβοίμην ἂν τῷ ἡγεμόνι ᾧ (for δ̀ν) ““δοίη ἕπεσθαι” I should fear to follow the leader whom he might give” X. A. 1.3.17, ἐπαινῶ σε ἐφ᾽ οἷς (for ἐπὶ τούτοις ἃ) λέγεις I commend you for what you say 3. 1. 45, οἷς (for τούτοις ἃ) ““ηὐτυχήκεσαν ἐν Λεύκτροις οὐ μετρίως ἐκέχρηντο” they had not used with moderation the success they gained at Leuctra” D. 18.18.

[*] 2523. A relative in the nominative or dative is very rarely attracted. Thus, βλάπτεσθαι ἀφ᾽ ὧν (for ἀπὸ ἐκείνων ἃ) ““ἡμῖν παρεσκεύασται” to be harmed by what has been prepared by us” T. 7.67, ὀλίγοι ὧν (for τούτων οἷς) ““ἐγὼ ἐντετύχηκα” a few of those whom I have met with” P. R. 531e.

[*] 2524. The pronouns subject to attraction are ὅς, οἷος, ὅσος, but not ὅστις (except in 2534). Attraction is not necessary, and takes place only (but not always) when the relative clause is essential to complete the meaning of the antecedent. When the relative clause is added merely as a remark, attraction does not take place. An attracted relative clause virtually has the force of an attributive adjective.

[*] 2525. Predicate nouns follow the case of the relative attracted to an antecedent expressed or omitted (2531 b).

[*] 2526. An omitted antecedent to which the relative has been attracted may afterward be supplied in the main clause. Thus, ἀφ᾽ ὧν (for ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ) . . . ““προσαιτεῖ καὶ δανείζεται, ἀπὸ τούτων διάγει” from what he begs and borrows, from that he lives” D. 8.26.

[*] 2527. Before βούλει, which with the relative is treated almost like one word (cp. quivis), attraction to various cases from the accusative is rare. Thus, οἷα τούτων δ̀ς (for δ̀ν) ““βούλει εἴργασται” such deeds as any one you please of these has done” P. G. 517a; cp. P. Crat. 432a, Phil. 43 d.

[*] 2528. Attraction takes place also in the case of relative adverbs; as διεκομίζοντο ὅθεν (for ἐκεῖθεν οἷ) ὑπεξέθεντο παῖδας they conveyed their children from the places where (whither) they had deposited them T. 1.89.

[*] 2529. Case of the Relative with Omitted Antecedent.—When the antecedent is omitted the relative either retains its own case or is attracted.

[*] 2530. When the omitted antecedent is nominative or accusative, the relative retains its own case. Thus, οἷς μάλιστα τὰ παρόντα ἀρκεῖ (οὗτοι) ““ἥκιστα τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ὀρέγονται” those who are best satisfied with what they have, covet least what is their neighbour's” X. S. 4. 42, στυγῶν μὲν ἥ (= ἐκείνην ἥ) μ᾽ ἔτικτεν hating her who bore me E. Alc. 338.

[*] 2531. When the omitted antecedent is genitive or dative, the relative (if standing in a different case) is usually attracted into the genitive or dative. But a relative in the nominative masculine or feminine (sometimes in the neuter), or a relative depending on a preposition, retains its own case.

a. Genitive: ὧν (for τούτων οἷς) ἐντυγχάνω πολὺ μάλιστα ἄγαμαι σέ of those whom I meet with, I admire you by far the most P. Pr. 361e, δηλοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐξ ὧν (for ἐκ τούτων ἃ) ““ζῇς” you show it also by the life you lead” D. 18.198. But εἰδέναι τὴν δύναμιν (τούτων) ἐφ᾽ οὓς ἂν ἴωσιν to discover the strength of those against whom they are to proceed X. A. 5.1.8. Cp. E. Ion 560 (in 2488) where οἵ ῀ τούτων οἵ).

b. Dative: τοῦτο δ᾽ ὅμοιόν ἐστιν ᾧ (for τούτῳ δ̀) ““νῦν δὴ ἐλέγετο” this is like that which was said just now” P. Ph. 69a, ἐμμένομεν οἷς (for τούτοις ἃ) ὡμολογήσαμεν δικαίοις οὖσιν ἢ οὔ; do we abide by what we agreed was just, or not? P. Cr. 50a. But διὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον αὐτοῖς εἶναι διαλέγεσθαι (τούτοις) παρ᾽ ὧν λάβοιεν τὸν μισθόν because it is necessary for them to give lessons to those from whom they expect to receive their fee X. M. 1.2.6.

[*] 2532. The relatives οἷος, ὅσος, ἡλίκος, ὅστις δή, ὁστισοῦν (and some others) and a following nominative with the copula may be attracted to the case of the antecedent. Thus, χαριζόμενος τοιούτῳ ἀνδρὶ οἷος δὺ εἶ showing favour to such a man as you are is commonly condensed to χαριζόμενος οἵῳ σοι ἀνδρί (X. M. 2.9.3). Here the whole relative clause (with copula omitted) is attracted. The antecedent, if expressed, is often incorporated (2536) in the relative clause.

πρὸς ἄνδρας τολμηροὺς οἵους καὶ Ἀθηναίους (for οἷοι καὶ Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσι) to bold men such as the Athenians T. 7.21, ἀνίστη Ἀγριᾶνας . . . καὶ ἄλλα ὅσα ἔθνη Παιονικά he called out the Agrianes and all the other Paeonian tribes 2. 96, χειμῶνος ὄντος ““οἵου λέγεις” when the weather is such as you describe” X. A. 5.8.3, ἀνέλαμψεν οἰκία_ . . . ὅτου δὴ ἐνάψαντος (for ἐνάψαντός τινος ὅστις δὴ ἦν) the house burst into flames, some one or other having set it on fire 5. 2. 24.

a. οἷος is often attracted with superlatives: ὄντος πάγου οἵου δεινοτάτου (for τοιούτου οἷός ἐστι δεινότατος) when the frost was tremendous P. S. 220b. Cp. 1087.

b. The article may appear in this construction with οἷος and ἡλίκος, the relative clause being treated like a substantive: ““τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν” to such as we are” X. H. 2.3.25.

c. The subject of the relative clause rarely stands in the nominative, not being attracted along with οἷος. Thus, ““κιναίδους οἵουσπερ σύ” rascals just like you” Aes. 2.151. This occurs only when the number of the subject is different from that of the attracted relative. When the article precedes, as in Σόλων ἐμί_σει τοὺς οἷος οὗτος ἀνθρώπους Solon detested men like him (D. 19.254), editors generally read τοὺς οἵους οὗτος.

[*] 2533. Inverse Attraction.—An antecedent nominative or (oftener) accusative may be attracted to the case of the relative. The attracted antecedent is often prefixed for emphasis to the relative clause, which thus separates it from the verb it governs or by which it is governed. Cp. urbem quam statuo vestra est, and “Him (= he whom) I accuse, By this, the city ports hath enter'd” (Shakespeare), where the antecedent is attracted into the case of the (omitted) relative.

τά_σδε (for αἵδε) ““δ᾽ ἅ_σπερ εἰσορᾷς . . . χωροῦσι” but the women whom thou seest are coming” S. Tr. 283, πολι_τεία_ν (for πολι_τεία_) οἵα_ν εἶναι χρή παρὰ μόνοις ἡμῖν ἐστιν we alone have an ideal constitution (lit. such as ought to be) I. 6.48, ἔλεγον ὅτι Λακεδαιμόνιοι ὧν δέονται πάντων (for πάντα) ““πεπρα_γότες εἶεν” they said that the Lacedaemonians had gained all they asked for” X. H. 1.4.2.

a. The main clause may contain a resumptive demonstrative pronoun; as ““τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον, δ̀ν πάλαι ζητεῖς . . ., οὗτός ἐστιν ἐνθάδε” this man whom you have long been searching for, this man is here” S. O. T. 449.

b. The rare cases of the inverse attraction of the dative are suspected or admit another explanation (E. Med. 12, S. El. 653, X. Hi. 7.2).

c. So with adverbs: καὶ ἄλλοσε (for ἄλλοθι) ὅποι ἂν ἀφίκῃ ἀγαπήσουσί δε and elsewhere, wherever you go, they will love you P. Cr. 45c.

[*] 2534. οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ every one (lit. nobody who not) for οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις οὐ, commonly shows inverse attraction, is treated like a single pronoun, and inflected οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐ, οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐ, οὐδένα ὅντινα οὐ.

““οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐχὶ ἀλογώτερον” than which there is nothing more irrational” P. Charm. 175c, ““οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐκ ἀποκρι_νόμενος” replying to every one” P. Men. 70c, ““περὶ ὧν οὐδένα κίνδυ_νον ὅντιν᾽ οὐχ ὑπέμειναν οἱ πρόγονοι” for which our ancestors underwent every danger” D. 18.200.

a. Cp. οὐδαμῶν Ἑλληνικῶν τῶν οὐ πολλὸν μέζω his power was much greater than any Hellenic power Hdt. 7.145 (= οὐδαμά ἐστι τῶν), ““οὐδαμῶς ὡς οὐ φήσομεν” it can in no wise be that we should say no” P. Pol. 308b.

[*] 2535. ὅσος preceded by an Adjective.—Here the subject of the relative clause is identical with that of the main clause, and is omitted together with the copula: χρήματα ἔλαβε θαυμαστὰ ὅσα (for θαυμαστόν ἐστιν ὅσα) he received a wonderful amount of money P. Hipp. M. 282c, μετὰ ἱδρῶτος θαυμαστοῦ ὅσου (for θαυμαστόν ἐστιν μεθ᾽ ὅσου) with an astonishing amount of sweat P. R. 350d. So θαυμασίως ὡς (for θαυμαστόν ἐστιν ὡς) P. Ph. 92a.

[*] 2536. Incorporation.—The antecedent taken up into the relative clause is said to be incorporated. The relative and antecedent then stand in the same case, the relative agreeing adjectively with its antecedent. If the antecedent is a substantive, it often stands at the end of the relative clause, and commonly has no article. An antecedent in the nominative or accusative is more frequently incorporated than one in the genitive or dative.

[*] 2537. A nominative, accusative, or vocative antecedent, when incorporated, usually conforms to the case of the relative.

εἰ ἔστιν, ἣν σὺ πρότερον ἔλεγες ἀρετήν, ἀληθής (for ἔστιν ἡ ἀρετὴ ἀληθής, ἣν) if the virtue which you were speaking of before, is real P. G. 503c, εἰς δὲ ἣν ἀφί_κοντο κώμην μεγάλη ἦν (for ἡ κώμη εἰς ἣν) the village at which they arrived was large X. A. 4.4.2, κλῦθί μευ, δ̀ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες (for θεὸς δ̀ or ὦ θεός) hear me thou that camest yesterday in thy godhead β 262.

a. An accusative antecedent is incorporated in the accusative when the verb of the relative clause takes the accusative. Thus, οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο ἣν εἶχε γνώμην (for τὴν γνώμην ἣν) he did not conceal the opinion he had X. M. 4.4.1, μηδ᾽ . . . ἀφέλησθε ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶν ἣν διὰ παντὸς ἀεὶ τοῦ χρόνου δόξαν κέκτησθε καλήν (for τὴν καλὴν δόξαν ἣν) do not deprive yourselves of the fair fame which you have enjoyed throughout all time D. 20.142.

b. An accusative antecedent may be incorporated as nominative, genitive, or dative, e.g. εἴ τινα ὁρῴη . . . κατασκευάζοντα ἧς ἄρχοι χώρα_ς (for τὴν χώρα_ν ἧς ἄρχοι) if ever he saw any one improving the district which he governed X. A. 1.9.19.

[*] 2538. A genitive or dative antecedent, when incorporated, usually attracts the relative to its own case.

περὶ δ᾽ οὗ πρότερον . . . ἔθηκε νόμου διελθών (for τοῦ νόμου δ̀ν) dealing in detail with the law which he formerly passed D. 24.61, ἐπορεύετο σὺν ᾗ εἶχε δυνάμει (for σὺν τῇ δυνάμει ἣν) he advanced with what force he had X. H. 4.1.23. Even when the antecedent is omitted, the attraction takes place: πρὸς ᾧ εἶχε συνέλεγε . . . στράτευμα (for πρὸς τούτῳ τῷ στρατεύματι δ̀) he was collecting an army in addition to that which he had X. H. 4.1.41.

a. But a genitive or dative antecedent, when incorporated, is attracted into the case of a nominative relative. Thus, ἐν δικαστηρίοις καὶ ὅσοι ἄλλοι δημόσιοι σύλλογοι (sc. εἰσί) in courts and all the other public assemblies P. Phae. 261a (for τοσούτοις ἄλλοις συλλόγοις, ὅσοι δημόσιοί εἰσι).

b. When an antecedent in the genitive or dative is incorporated, the place of the antecedent is usually taken by a demonstrative pronoun in the genitive or dative. Thus, ““οὐδέ νυ τῶν περ μέμνηαι, ὅσα δὴ πάθομεν κακά” nor do you remember all the evils we suffered” Φ 441.