DENOMINATIVE VERBS
The formation of primitive verbs (
372) is treated in 496-529, 607-624, 722-743.
[*] 866. Denominative verbs are formed from the stems of nouns (substantives or adjectives). Verbs lacking such a noun-stem are made on the model of the ordinary denominative verb. The principal terminations are as follows:
1.
-αω: derived chiefly from words with
α_ stems (a few from words of the second declension). Verbs in
-αω denote
to do, to be , or
to have, that which is expressed by the stem.
τι_μά-ω honour (
τι_μή, stem
τι_μα_-),
ἀ_ριστά-ω breakfast (
ἄ_ριστο-ν breakfast),
τολμά-ω dare (
τόλμα daring, stem
τολμα_-),
κομά-ω wear long hair (
κόμη hair).
κοιμά-ω,
lull to sleep, has no primitive noun.
On
-ιαω and
-αω denoting a desire or a bodily condition, see 868 b.
2.
-εω: derived chiefly from
όε- stems (834 f), and thence extended to all kinds of stems. Verbs in
-εω denote a
condition or an
activity, and are often intransitive.
οἰκέ-ω dwell (
οἶκο-ς house,
οἰκόε-),
φιλέ-ω love (
φίλο-ς dear,
φιλόε-),
ὑπηρετέω serve (
ὑπηρέτης servant,
ὑπηρετα_-),
εὐτυχ-έ-ω am fortunate (
εὐτυχής fortunate,
εὐτυχεσ-),
μι_σ-έ-ω hate (
μῖσος hate,
μι_σεσ-),
σωφρον-έ-ω am temperate (
σώφρων),
μαρτυρ-έ-ω bear witness (
μάρτυς, -υρ-ος).
a. Some
εω-verbs from
εσ-stems have older forms in
-είω (624 a).
3.
-οω: chiefly derived from
ο-stems. Verbs in
-οω are usually factitive, denoting
to cause or
to make.
δηλό-ω manifest,
make clear (
δῆλο-ς),
δουλό-ω enslave (
δοῦλο-ς),
ζηλό-ω emulate (
ζῆλο-ς emulation),
ζημιό-ω punish (
ζημία_ damage),
μαστι_γό-ω whip (
μάστιξ, -ι_γος whip).
ἀρόω plough has no primitive.
On the formation of the present stem of verbs in
-αω, -εω, -οω, see
522.
4.
-ευω: derived from substantives from
ευ-stems (
607) and thence extended to other stems.
ευω-verbs usually denote a
condition, sometimes an
activity.
βασιλεύ-ω am king, rule (
βασιλεύ-ς),
βουλεύ-ω counsel (
βουλή),
κινδυ_νεύ-ω venture,
incur danger (
κίνδυ_νο-ς),
παιδεύ-ω educate (
παῖς boy,
girl),
θεραπεύ-ω attend (
θεράπων attendant).
5.
-υ_ω (rare): from
υ-stems, as
δακρύ_-ω weep (
δάκρυ tear). Cp.
608.
6.
-οζω, -ιζω: derived originally from stems in
δ or
γ (as
ἐλπίζω hope =
ἐλπιδ-ῖω, ἁρπάζω seize =
ἁρπαγ-ιω), and thence widely extended to other stems (cp.
623 δ, γ). Such verbs denote
action.
γυμνάζω exercise (
γυμνάς, -άδ-ος stripped,
naked);
ἀναγκάζω compel (
ἀνάγκη necessity);
ἀτι_μάζω dishonour (
ἄτι_μος);
βιάζομαι use force (
βία_ force);
θαυμάζω wonder (
θαῦμα);
φροντίζω take care (
φροντίς);
ὑβρίζω insult (
ὕβρι-ς outrage);
νομίζω consider (
νόμο-ς custom,
law);
τειχίζω fortify (
τεῖχ-ος wall, stem
τειχεσ-);
χαρίζομαι do a favour (
χάρις, -ιτος favour).
a. Verbs in
-ιζω and
-ιαζω derived from proper names express an adoption of
language,
manners,
opinions, or
politics: ἑλληνίζω speak Greek (
Ἕλλην),
βακχιάζω act like a bacchante (
βακχιάς),
λακωνίζω imitate Laconian manners (
Λάκων),
μηδίζω side with the Medes (
Μῆδος).
b. Verbs in
-εζω, -οζω, and
-υζω are rare (
πιέζω press, poet.
δεσπόζω am lord,
κοκκύζω cry cuckoo).
7.
-αινω: originally from stems in
-αν +
[ιγλιδε]ω (
518), but usually extended to other stems. See
620, III.
μελαίνω blacken (
μέλα_ς black,
μελαν-),
εὐφραίνω gladden (
εὔφρων glad,
εὐφρον-),
σημαίνω signify (
σῆμα, σήματ-ος sign),
χαλεπαίνω am angry (
χαλεπό-ς hard,
angry).
8.
-υ_νω: from stems in
υν +
ῖω (
519). The primitive words often show stems in
υ. See
620, III.
βαθύ_νω deepen (
βαθύ-ς deep),
ταχύ_νω hasten (
ταχύ-ς swift),
αἰσχύ_νω disgrace (
αἶσχ-ος shame),
θαρρύ_νω encourage (
θάρρ-ος courage).
9. On other denominatives in
λω, νω, ρω, see
620, III; on inceptives see
526-528.
10. Parallel formations are frequent, often with different meanings.
ἀ_ριστάω take a midday meal,
ἀ_ριστίζω give a midday meal; ἀτιμάω, (poet.)
ἀτι_μόω, ἀτι_μάζω dishonour; δουλόω enslave,
δουλεύω am a slave; εὐδαιμονέω am happy,
εὐδαιμονίζω account happy, congratulate; θαρρέω am courageous,
θαρρύ_νω encourage; ὁρκόω, ὁρκίζω make one swear an oath; ὁρμάω urge on,
ὁρμαίνω (poet.)
ponder; ὁρμέω lie at anchor,
ὁρμίζω anchor trans. (
ὅρμος anchorage);
πολεμέω (
πολεμίζω Epic)
wage war,
πολεμόω make hostile; σκηνάω put in shelter, mid.
take up one's abode,
σκηνέω am in camp,
σκηνόω encamp,
go into quarters; σωφρονέω am temperate,
σωφρονίζω chasten; τυραννέω, τυραννεύω am absolute ruler,
τυραννίζω take the part of absolute ruler,
τυραννιάω (late)
smack of tyranny. Cp.
531.
[*] 867.
Frequentatives and Intensives.—These are mostly poetical.
-αω in
στρωφάω turn constantly (
στρέφω turn),
τρωχάω gallop (
τρέχω run),
ποτάομαι, πωτάομαι, and
ποτέομαι,
fly about (
πέτομαι fly).
-στρεω in
ἐλαστρέω drive (
ἐλάω, ἐλαύνω).
-ταω in
σκιρτάω spring (
σκαίρω skip).
-ταζω in
ἑλκυστάζω drag about (
ἕλκω drag). With reduplication, often with change of the stem-vowel, in
ποιπνύω puff (
πνέω breathe,
πνυ-),
πορφύ_ρω gleam darkly (
φύ_ρω mix),
παμφαίνω shine brightly (
φαίνω bring to light, make appear).
[*] 868. Desideratives express
desire. Such verbs end in
-σειω, -ιαω, and rarely in
-αω. Thus,
πολεμησείω desire to wage war (
πολεμέω),
ἀπαλλαξείω wish to get rid of (
ἀλλάττω exchange),
γελασείω wish to laugh (
γελάω);
στρατηγιάω wish to be general (
στρατηγός);
φονάω wish to shed blood (
φόνος murder).
a. Verbs in
-ιαω and
-αω are formed from substantives. Those in
-σειω may come from the future stem.
b. -ιαω and
-αω may denote a bodily affection:
ὀφθαλμιάω suffer from ophthalmia (
ὀφθαλμία_),
βραγχάω am hoarse (
βραγχός hoarse). Some verbs in
-ωττω (
-ωσσω) have a similar meaning:
τυφλώττω am blind (
τυφλός), and even
λι_μώσσω am hungry (
λι_μός hunger).