INTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT EFFECTED）
COGNATE ACCUSATIVE
[*] 1563. The cognate accusative is of two kinds, of which the second is an extension of the first.
[*] 1564. (I) The substantive in the accusative is of the
same origin as the verb.
““
πολλὴν φλυα_ρία_ν φλυα_ροῦντα”
talking much nonsense”
P. A. 19c,
ξυνέφυγε τὴν φυγὴν ταύτην he shared in the recent exile 21 a, ““
τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχία_ν ναυμαχήσαντες”
victorious in the sea-fight at Salamis”
D. 59.97,
τὰ_ς ὑποσχέσεις ἃ_ς οὗτος ὑπι_σχνεῖτο the promises which he made 19. 47, ““
ἡ αἰτία_ ἣν αἰτιῶνται”
the charge they bring”
Ant. 6.27.
a. Sometimes the verb may be suppressed, as
ἡμῖν μὲν εὐχὰ_ς τά_σδε (
εὔχομαι)
for us these prayers A. Ch. 142.
[*] 1565. The cognate accusative occurs even with adjectives of an intransitive character: ““
μήτε τι σοφὸς ὢν τὴν ἐκείνων σοφία_ν μήτε ἀμαθὴς τὴν ἀμαθία_ν”
being neither at all wise after the fashion of their wisdom nor ignorant after the fashion of their ignorance”
P. A. 22e,
ἀτί_μους ἐποίησαν ἀτι_μία_ν τοιά_νδε ὥστε κτλ.
they disfranchised them in such a way that, etc.
T. 5.34 (
ἀτί_μους ἐποίησαν ῀ ἠτί_μησαν, cp.
1598).
[*] 1566.
Passive: ““
πόλεμος ἐπολεμεῖτο”
war was waged”
X. H. 4.8.1.
[*] 1567. (II) The substantive in the accusative is of
kindred meaning with the verb.
““
ἐξῆλθον ἄλλα_ς ὁδούς”
they went forth on other expeditions”
X. H. 1.2.17, ““
τὸν ἱερὸν καλούμενον πόλεμον ἐστράτευσαν”
they waged what is called the Sacred War”
T. 1.112, ““
ἠσθένησε ταύτην τὴν νόσον”
he fell ill of this disease”
I. 19.24, ““
ἀνθρώπου φύσιν βλαστών”
born to man's estate”
S. Aj. 760.
[*] 1568.
Passive: ““
πόλεμος ἐταράχθη”
war was stirred up”
D. 18.151.
[*] 1569. An extension of the cognate accusative appears in poetry with
κεῖσθαι, στῆναι, καθίζειν and like verbs: ““
τόπον, ὅντινα κεῖται”
the place in which he is situated”
S. Ph. 145,
τί ἕστηκε πέτρα_ν;
why stands she on the rock? E. Supp. 987, ““
τρίποδα καθίζων”
sitting on the tripod”
E. Or. 956.
[*] 1570. An attributive word is usually necessary (but not in Hom.); otherwise the addition of the substantive to the verb would be tautologous. But the attribute is omitted:
a. When the nominal idea is specialized: ““
φυλακὰ_ς φυλάττειν”
to stand sentry”
X. A. 2.6.10,
φόρον φέρειν to pay tribute 5. 5. 7.
b. When the substantive is restricted by the article: ““
τὸν πόλεμον πολεμεῖν”
to wage the present war”
T. 8.58,
τὴν πομπὴν πέμπειν to conduct the procession 6. 56.
c. When a plural substantive denotes repeated occurrences: ““
ἐτριηράρχησε τριηραρχία_ς”
he performed the duty of trierarch”
D. 45.85.
d. In various expressions: ““
Ὀλύμπια νι_κᾶν”
to win an Olympian victory”
T. 1.126, ““
τὴν ναυμαχία_ν νι_κῆσαι”
to be victorious in the sea-fight”
L. 19.28, ““
θύ_ειν τὰ εὐαγγέλια”
to offer a sacrifice in honour of good news”
X. H. 1.6.37.
e. In poetry the use of a substantive to denote a special form of the action of the verb is much extended:
στάζειν αἷμα to drip (drops of)
blood S. Ph. 783, ““
Ἄρηπνεῖν”
to breathe war”
A. Ag. 375,
πῦρ δεδορκώς looking (a look of)
fire τ 446. This use is common, especially in Aristophanes, with verbs signifying the
look of another than the speaker:
βλέπειν νᾶπυ to look mustard Eq. 631,
βλέπειν ἀπιστία_ν to look unbelief Com. fr. 1. 341 (No.
309); cp. “looked his faith”: Holmes.
[*] 1571. The substantive without an attribute is (rarely) added to the verb as a more emphatic form of statement:
λῆρον ληρεῖν to talk sheer nonsense Ar. Pl. 517, ““
ὕβριν ὑβρίζειν”
to insult grievously”
E. H. F. 708. Often in Euripides.
[*] 1572. The substantive may be omitted, leaving only the adjectival attribute:
παῖσον διπλῆν (
scil.
πληγήν)
strike twice (a double blow)
S. El. 1415,
τοῦτον ἀνέκραγον ὡς ὀλίγα_ς (
scil.
πληγὰ_ς)
παίσειεν they called out that he had dealt him too (
1063)
few blows
X. A. 5.8.12. Cp.
1028.
[*] 1573. Usually an adjective, pronoun, or pronominal adjective is treated as a neuter substantive. Cp. ““
μεγάλ᾽ ἁμαρτάνειν”
to commit grave errors”
D. 5.5 with
μέγιστα ἁμαρτήματα ἁμαρτάνουσι P. G. 525d. The singular adjective is used in certain common phrases in prose, but is mainly poetical; the plural is ordinarily used in prose.
ἡδὺ γελᾶν poet. (=
ἡδὺν γέλωτα γελᾶν)
to laugh sweetly,
μέγα (
ψεῦδος)
ψεύδεται he is a great liar, ““
μέγα φρονήσα_ς ἐπὶ τούτῳ”
highly elated at this”
X. A. 3.1.27,
μεῖζον φρονεῖ he is too proud 5. 6. 8, ““
τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φρονεῖν”
to be on the side of the Greeks”
D. 14.34, ““
μέγιστον ἐδύναντο”
had the greatest influence”
L. 30.14, ““
δεινὰ ὑβρίζειν”
to maltreat terribly”
X. A. 6.4.2, ““
ταὐτὰ ἐπρεσβεύομεν”
we fulfilled our mission as ambassadors in the same way”
D. 19.32,
τί βούλεται ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι;
what use does he wish to make of us? X. A. 1.3.18 (=
τίνα βούλεται χρεία_ν χρῆσθαι, cp.
χρῆσθαί τινι χρείαν P. L. 868b).
[*] 1574.
Passive: ““
τοῦτο οὐκ ἐψεύσθησαν”
they were not deceived in this”
X. A. 2.2.13, ““
ταῦτα οὐδεὶς ἂν πεισθείη”
no one would be persuaded of this”
P. L. 836d.
[*] 1575. For a cognate accusative in conjunction with a second object, see
1620.
[*] 1576. Note the expressions
δικάζειν δίκην decide a case,
δικάζεσθαι δίκην τινί go to law with somebody,
διώκειν γραφήν τινα indict somebody,
φεύγειν δίκην τινός be put on one's trial for something; γράφεσθαί τινα γραφήν indict one for a public offence,
φεύγειν γραφήν be put on one's trial for a public offence. Also
ἀγωνίζεσθαι στάδιον (=
ἀγῶνα σταδίου)
be a contestant in the race-course,
νι_κᾶν στάδιον be victorious in the race-course,
νι_κᾶν δίκην win a case,
νι_κᾶν γνώμην carry a resolution (pass.
γνώμην ἡττᾶσθαι),
ὀφλεῖν δίκην lose a case.
[*] 1577. The (rarer) dative (
φόβῳ ταρβεῖν, βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν, φεύγειν φυγῇ) expresses the cause (
1517), manner (
1513), or means (
1507).
ACCUSATIVE OF RESULT
[*] 1578. The accusative of result denotes the effect enduring after the verbal action has ceased.
ἕλκος οὐτάσαι to smite (and thus
make)
a wound E 361 (so
οὐλὴν ἐλαύνειν ψ 74),
πρεσβεύειν τὴν εἰρήνην to negotiate the peace (go as ambassadors (
πρέσβεις) to make the peace)
D. 19.134, but
πρεσβεύειν πρεσβεία_ν to go on an embassy Dinarchus 1. 16, ““
νόμισμα κόπτειν”
to coin money”
Hdt. 3.56,
σπονδὰ_ς, or
ὅρκια, τέμνειν (
1555).
[*] 1579. Verbs signifying
to effect anything (
αἴρειν raise,
αὔξειν exalt,
διδάσκειν teach,
τρέφειν rear,
παιδεύειν train) show the result of their action upon a substantive or adjective predicate to the direct object: ““
σὲ Θῆβαί γ᾽ οὐκ ἐπαίδευσαν κακόν”
Thebes did not train thee to be base”
S. O. C. 919, ““
τοῦτον τρέφειν τε καὶ αὔξειν μέγαν”
to nurse and exalt him into greatness”
P. R. 565c, ““
ἐποικοδομήσαντες αὐτὸ ὑψηλότερον”
raising it higher”
T. 7.4. Such predicate nouns are called proleptic. Passive: ““
μέγας ἐκ μι_κροῦ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται”
Philip has grown from a mean to be a mighty person”
D. 9.21. Cp.
1613.
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
[*] 1580. The accusative denotes extent in space and time.
[*] 1581.
Space.—The accusative denotes the space or way
over which an action is extended, and the measure of the space traversed.
ἄγειν (
στρατιὰ_ν) ““
στενὰ_ς ὁδούς”
to lead an army over narrow roads”
X. C. 1.6.43,
ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς, παρασάγγα_ς εἴκοσι καὶ δύο he advances three stages, twenty- two parasangs X. A. 1.2.5, ““
ἀπέχει ἡ Πλάταια τῶν Θηβῶν σταδίους ἑβδομήκοντα”
Plataea is seventy stades distant from Thebes”
T. 2.5.
a. This use is analogous to the cognate accusative after verbs of motion (
ἐξόδους ἐξελθεῖν, πλεῖν θάλατταν).
[*] 1582.
Time.—The accusative denotes extent of time.
““
ἔμεινεν ἡμέρα_ς ἑπτά”
he remained seven days”
X. A. 1.2.6, ““
ξυμμαχία_ν ἐποιήσαντο ἑκατὸν ἔτη”
they made an alliance for a hundred years”
T. 3.114.
[*] 1583. The accusative of time implies that the action of the verb covers the
entire period. When emphasis is laid on the uninterrupted duration of an action,
παρά with the accusative (
1692. 3. b) and
διά with the genitive (
1685. 1. b) are used. The accusative of time is rarely employed where the dative (
1540) is properly in place:
τήνδε τὴν ἡμέρα_ν Aes. 3.7.
[*] 1584. Duration of life may be expressed by
γεγονώς: ““
ἔτη γεγονὼς ἑβδομήκοντα”
seventy years old”
P. A. 17d. (Also by
εἶναι and the genitive, 1327.)
[*] 1585. To mark (a)
how long a situation has lasted or (b) how much time has elapsed since something happened, an ordinal is used without the article, but often with the addition of
οὑτοσί_. The current day or year is included. Thus (a) ““
τὴν μητέρα τελευτήσα_σαν τρίτον ἔτος τουτί_”
my mother who died two years ago”
L. 24.6, ““
ἐπιδεδήμηκε τρίτην ἤδη ἡμέρα_ν”
he has been in the city since day before yesterday”
P. Pr. 309d. (b) ““
ἀπηγγέλθη Φίλιππος τρίτον ἢ τέταρτον ἔτος τουτὶ_ Ἡραῖον τεῖχος πολιορκῶν”
this is the third or fourth year since it was announced that Philip was besieging fort Heraeum”
D. 3.4.
[*] 1586. On the accusative of extent in degree, see
1609. With a comparative we find
πολύ and
ὀλίγον as well as
πολλῷ and
ὀλίγῳ (
1514); and always
τί, τὶ, οὐδέν with the comparative.
[*] 1587. Time and degree are often expressed by prepositions with the accusative. See Prepositions under
ἀμφί, ἀνά, διά, ἐπί, κατά, παρά, πρός, ὑπό.
TERMINAL ACCUSATIVE (IN POETRY)
[*] 1588. In poetry after verbs of motion the accusative may be used without a preposition to express the goal.
““
ἄστυ Καδμεῖον μολών”
having come to the city of Cadmus”
S. O. T. 35, ““
πέμψομέν νιν Ἑλλάδα”
we will convey her to Greece”
E. Tro. 883. Of
persons in Hom. (especially with
ἱκνέομαι, ἵκω, ἱκά_νω =
reach) and in the lyric parts of the drama: ““
μνηστῆρας ἀφί_κετο”
came unto the suitors”
α 332. Cp. “arrived our coast”: Shakesp. In
Hdt. 9.26 φαμὲν ἡμέας ἱκνέεσθαι means
we declare that it befits us.
[*] 1589. The limit of motion is also expressed by
-δε (
ἄστυδε Hom., in prose,
Ἀθήναζε ῀ Ἀθήνα_ς ¨ δε; χαμᾶζε or
χαμάζε ῀ χαμα_ς ¨ δε, cp.
χαμα-ί; οἴκαδε) and, regularly in prose, by
εἰς, ἐπί, παρά, πρός, ὡς (with a person) with the accusative.
Part I: Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Accent
Part IV: Syntax
