Conjunctional καί
[*] 2869. Copulative
καί often has an intensive or heightening force; as where it joins a part and the whole, the universal and the particular. Thus,
ἐν Ἀθηναίοις καὶ τοῖς Ἕλλησι Ar. Nub. 413,
ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί Ar. Pl. 1 (
θεοὶ καὶ Ζεύς the gods and above all
Zeus),
ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρα_ς τρεῖς καὶ ἧκε Μένων X. A. 1.2.6. On
καὶ ταῦτα, see
947,
2083.
a. Here
καί often =
namely,
for example, and so where an antecedent statement is explained either by another word or by an example. Cp.
X. A. 1.9.14, 4. 1. 19, 5. 2. 9, 5. 6. 8.
[*] 2870. The heightening force is also seen where
καί with corrective force may be rendered by
or; often to set forth a climax and not an alternative. Thus, ““
σοφία_ ὀλίγου τινὸς ἀξία_ καὶ οὐδενός”
wisdom worth little or nothing”
P. A. 23a, ““
μαχαιροποιοὶ . . . ἀνὰ πέντε μνᾶς καὶ ἕξ”
sword-cutlers worth five or six minas each”
D. 27.9, ““
προιοῦσι δὲ καὶ ἀπιοῦσι πόλεμος”
but war if we advance or retire”
X. A. 2.1.21, ““
καὶ δίκαια κἄ_δικα”
right or wrong”
Ar. Nub. 99,
σὸς (
γόνος), ““
κει᾽ μὴ σός”
thy son, or if not thine”
S. O. C. 1323.
[*] 2871.
καί often has an adversative force; as where it joins a negative to an affirmative clause. Here
καὶ οὐ (
μή) is almost =
but not, as in
ἐμ᾽ ἐχειροτόνησαν καὶ οὐχ ὑ_μᾶς they elected me and (=
but)
not you D. 18.288. So also where
καί is like
καίτοι and yet; as ““
χαίρων ἄπιθι: καί σ᾽ ἄ_κων ἐγὼ λείπω”
fare thee well; and yet I leave thee unwillingly”
Ar. Eq. 1250. To connect
negative clauses
οὐδέ is used.
[*] 2872. In questions,
καί before an interrogative expression marks an objection occasioned by surprise or indignation; as
καὶ τίς θανόντων ἦλθεν ἐξ Ἅιδου πάλιν;
and,
pray,
who of the dead has come back from Hades? E. H. F. 297. So
καὶ πῶς;
pray,
how comes it that? Cp. Eng.
and when a speaker is stopped by an abrupt question.
a. After an interrogative expression adverbial
καί asks for further information concerning a statement assumed to be true. Thus,
ποίου χρόνου δὲ καὶ πεπόρθηται πόλις;
but when was the city captured? A. Ag. 278. Cp.
2884.
[*] 2873. In imperative sentences
καί often means
and now, just. Thus, ““
καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι τὸ ψήφισμα”
and now read me the bill”
L. 13.35, ““
καί μοι ἀπόκρι_ναι”
just answer me”
P. A. 25a.
[*] 2874.
καί may mark a result (
P. Th. 154c, quoted in
2288).
[*] 2875. After expressions of
sameness and
likeness καί has the force of
as (Lat.
ac). Thus, ““
ὁ αὐτὸς ὑ_μῖν στόλος ἐστὶ καὶ ἡμῖν”
your expedition is the same as ours”
X. A. 2.2.10, ““
οὐχ ὁμοίως καὶ πρίν”
not the same as before”
T. 7.28,
ἴσα καὶ ἱκέται the same as suppliants 3. 14, ““
ταὐτὰ καί”
the same as”
X. C. 1.3.18. This use is commoner in prose than poetry.
[*] 2876. In expressions denoting coincidence of time
καί often has the force of
when. So
ἅμα . . . καί (
2169),
ἤδη . . . καί X. A. 2.1.7,
οὔπω . . . καί P. Eu. 277b,
οὐκ ἔφθην . . . καί (
εὐθύς)
I had not got the start . . . when I. 19.22,
D. 43.69. Cp.
καὶ . . . καί in ““
καὶ ἥκομεν καὶ ἡμῖν ἐξελθὼν ὁ θυρωρὸς . . . εἶπεν περιμένειν”
as soon as we arrived the doorkeeper came out and told us to wait”
P. Ph. 59e.
[*] 2877.
καὶ . . . καί both . . . and,
not only . . . but also, as . . . so,
as well as . . . as also, sometimes
whether . . . or, emphasizes each member separately, and forms a less close combination than
τὲ καί. Thus,
καὶ τότε καὶ νῦν not only then but also now. So ““
τι_μὰ_ς δοτέον καὶ ζῶντι καὶ τελευτήσαντι”
honours must be paid him both when living and after death”
P. R. 414a,
σὺ καὶ δέδορκας κου᾽ βλέπεις thou both hast sight and (yet)
dost not see S. O. T. 413, ““
κἀ_πεμπόμην πρὸς ταῦτα καὶ τὸ πᾶν φράσω”
as I was sent for this purpose so I will tell thee all”
S. El. 680, ““
τολμᾶν ἀνάγκη, κἂ_ν τύχω κἂ_ν μὴ τύχω”
I must dare whether I succeed or fail”
E. Hec. 751.
[*] 2878. In a series of more than two ideas
καί is used before each, where English would use
and only before the last. Thus, ““
συντυγχάνουσιν αὐτῷ καὶ λαμβάνουσιν αὐτὸν καὶ γυναῖκα καὶ παῖδας καὶ τοὺς ἵππους καὶ πάντα τὰ ὄντα”
they fell upon him and seized him, his wife, his children, his horses, and all his possessions”
X. A. 7.8.22.
[*] 2879. Adjectives of quantity, as
πολύς and
ὀλίγος in the plural, are usually joined to an adjective in the same construction by
καί or
τὲ καί (also by
τέ or
τὲ . . . τέ in poetry). Thus,
πολλὰ καὶ δεινά D. 37.57 (
δεινὰ καὶ πολλά 37.
57),
πολλά τε καὶ δεινά X. A. 5.5.8. In
πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα ἀγαθά (
X. C. 1.5.9), the substantive is qualified by two adjectives; whereas in English the second adjec tive is taken with the substantive and treated as a
unit modified by the first adjective (
many good-things).
a. πολλοὶ καὶ ἄλλοι means
many others also (with
καί adverbial). For
many others we find
ἄλλοι πολλοί (very common) or
πολλοὶ ἄλλοι.
[*] 2880. Some combinations of conjunctional
καί are:
καὶ . . . μέντοι and however, and of course (in
καὶ μέντοι καί the first
καί may be adverbial:
yes indeed and).
καὶ . . . τοίνυν and . . . further, in connecting a thought with the preceding.
