FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561）
[*] 689. All vowel and consonant verbs in
-ω inflect the first perfect alike. Some verbs in
-ω inflect the second perfect according to the
ω-conjugation, others inflect it according to the
μι-conjugation.
[*] 690.
Indicative.—Originally the endings were added to the stem without any thematic vowel. Of this unthematic formation a few traces survive (
573). In the 2 p. sing. the ending is
-ς, but originally
-θα; in the 3 pl.
-κα_σι stands for
κα-νσι out of
κα-ντι (
100). Thus
λέλυκα, -ας, -ε, πέπομφα, -ας, -ε, etc. The periphrastic combination occurs in the indicative (599 a).
[*] 691.
Subjunctive.—The perfect subjunctive is commonly formed periphrastically by the perfect active participle and
ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, etc. Thus
λελυκὼς (
γεγραφὼς)
ὦ, etc.,
λελυκότες (
γεγραφότες)
ὦμεν, etc. Of the periphrastic forms only the 1 and 3 sing., 2 and 3 plur. are attested.
[*] 692. Instances of the simple perfect subjunctive (
λελύκω, γεγράφω) are very rare. The simple form is made by substituting the thematic vowel
ώη for
α in the tense-stem. Only the sing. and the 3 plur. are attested from
ω-verbs.
[*] 693. Besides
εἰδῶ (
οἶδα) and
ἑστήκῃ, etc., Attic prose has only about 16 occurrences of the simple perf. subj., and from the following verbs only:
βαίνω, δέδια, ἐγείρω, ἔοικα, θνῄσκω, λαμβάνω, λανθάνω, πάσχω, ποιῶ, φύ_ω. Hippocr. has forms from
βιβρώσκω, πονῶ, τεύχω. There are about 30 occurrences in the poetry. Attic prose writers show about 25 cases of the periphrasis from all
ω-verbs.
[*] 694.
Optative.—The perfect optative is commonly formed periphrastically by the perfect active participle and
εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, etc. Thus
λελυκὼς (
γεγραφὼς)
εἴην, etc.,
λελυκότες (
γεγραφότες)
εἶμεν, etc. The dual is exceedingly rare.
[*] 695. Occasionally the simple forms are used (
λελύκοιμι, γεγράφοιμι). These are formed by adding the mood-sign
ι_, and the endings, to the tense-stem with the thematic vowel (
ο). All the
-ιη-forms are attested; of the
-ι_-forms only the 3 sing. and 1 and 3 plur.
[*] 696. Of the simple optative there are about 25 occurrences in Attic prose, and from the following verbs only:
ἀποχωρῶ, ἐξαπατῶ, εἰσβάλλω, παραδίδωμι, ἔοικα, -ἑστήκοι, ὑπηρετῶ, θνῄσκω, λανθάνω, καταλείπω, ποιῶ, πάσχω, προέρχομαι, ἐμπί_πτω, φύ_ω. In the poets there are about 16 occurrences. Prose writers show about 106 occurrences of the periphrastic forms.
[*] 697.
Imperative.—The usual form of the first perfect imperative is periphrastic:
λελυκὼς ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. No classical Attic writer uses the simple forms.
[*] 698. The second perfect is rare, and occurs only in the case of verbs which have a present meaning. From active verbs inflected according to the
ω- conjugation there occur
κεχήνετε gape, Ar.
Ach. 133 (
χάσκω, χαν-), and
κεκρά_γετε screech,
Vesp. 415 (
κρά_ζω). Most second perfects show the
μι form and have present meaning, as
τέθναθι (Hom.)
τεθνάτω from
θνῄσκω die,
δέδιθι from
δέδια fear, and
κέκρα_χθι from
κρά_ζω in Aristophanes. Most such second perfects are poetical.
[*] 699.
Infinitive.—The perfect infinitive adds
-έ-ναι, as
λελυκέναι, λελοιπέναι.
[*] 699 D. Doric has
-ην and
-ειν, as
δεδύκην ῀ δεδυκέναι, γεγά_κειν ῀ γεγονέναι. Aeolic has
-ην, as
τεθνάκην.
[*] 700.
Participle.—The suffixes of the perfect participle in the nominative are -(
ϝ）
ώς, -υῖα, -(
ϝ）
ός, as
λελυκώς, λελοιπώς. See 301 c, d, 309.
[*] 700 D. In the 2 perf. Hom. sometimes has
-ῶτ-ος for
-ότ-ος, as
κεκμηώς, -ῶτος (
κάμνω am weary). In the 2 perf. Hom. sometimes has
α for Attic
η in the feminine, as
ἀρηρώς ἀραρυῖα from
ἄρηρα (
ἀραρίσκω fit). See
573. Aeolic inflects the perfect participle as a present in
-ων, -οντος. Thus Hom.
κεκλήγοντας for
κεκληγότας (
κλάζω scream), Pind.
πεφρί_κοντας (
φρί_ττω shudder).
[*] 701.
Pluperfect Active.—The pluperfect is formed by adding
-εα, -εας, -εε, -ετον, -ετην, -εμεν, -ετε, -εσαν to the reduplicated stem. By contraction from
ἐλελυκεα, -εας, -εε come the forms
ἐλελύκη, -ης -ει (
ν). In the later language
ει spread from the 3 sing. and was used throughout, as
ἐλελύκειν, -εις, -ει, -ειτον, -είτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and very late
-εισαν. The best Mss. of Demosthenes have
-ειν in 1 sing. Instead of the simple pluperfect we find periphrastic forms, 599 a.
SECOND PERFECTS OF THE μι-FORM
[*] 702. A few
ω-verbs form their second perfects in the dual and plural without
α by adding the endings directly to the stem. Herein these forms agree with the second perfect of
μι-verbs (
417). In the singular
α is used.
[*] 703. The second perfect
δέδια I fear usually has the forms of the first perfect
δέδοικα in the singular, less frequently in the plural.
[*] 703 D. The root of
δέδια is
δϝι-, strong forms
δϝει-, δϝοι-. Hom. has
δίε, δίον feared,
fled; for
δέδοικα, δέδια he has
δείδοικα, δείδια, etc. (once
δεδία_σι). Here
ει is due to metrical lengthening.
δείδω, a present in form, is really a perfect for
δε-δϝο（
[ιγλιδε]）
-α.
[*] 704. Other second perfects inflected like
δέδια are the following:
a. βαίνω (
βα-)
go, 1 perf.
βέβηκα have gone, stand fast regular; 2 perf. 3 pl.
βεβᾶσι (poet.), subj. 3 pl.
βεβῶσι, inf.
βεβάναι (poet. and Ion.), part.
βεβώς (contracted from
βεβαώς)
βεβῶσα, gen.
βεβῶτος.
[*] 704 a. D. Hom. has 3 pl.
βεβάα_σι, inf.
βεβάμεν, part.
βεβαώς, βεβαυῖα, gen.
βεβαῶτος; 2 plup.
βέβασαν.
b. γίγνομαι (
γεν-, γα-)
become, 2 perf.
γέγονα am regular; 2 perf. part. poet.
γεγώς (contracted from
γεγαώς),
γεγῶσα, gen.
γεγῶτος.
b. Hom. has
γεγάα_τε and
γεγάα_σι, inf.
γεγάμεν, part.
γεγαώς, γεγαυῖα; 2 plup.
ἐκγεγάτην.
c. θνῄσκω (
θαν-, θνα-)
die, 1 perf.
τέθνηκα am dead regular; 2 perf. du.
τέθνατον, pl.
τέθναμεν, τέθνατε, τεθνᾶσι, 2 plup. 3 pl.
ἐτέθνασαν, 2 perf. opt.
τεθναίην, imper.
τεθνάτω, inf.
τεθνάναι, part.
τεθνεώς, -εῶσα, -εός, gen.
-εῶτος.
c. Hom.
τέθναθι, τεθνάμεναι and
τεθνάμεν, τεθνηώς -ηῶτος and
-ηότος, fem.
τεθνηυίης.
d. ἔοικα (
ϝε-ϝοικ-α)
am like, appear (
ἰκ-, εἰκ-) has the
μι forms
ἔοιγμεν (poet.),
εἴξα_σι for
ἐοικ-σ-α_σι (poet. and in Plato).
ἔοικα (
ἐῴκη plup.) has also the foll. forms:
ἐοίκω, ἐοίκοιμι, ἐοικέναι (
εἰκέναι poet.),
ἐοικώς (
εἰκώς also in Plato).
d. Hom. imperf.
εἶκε, 2 perf. 3 du.
ἔϊκτον, 2 plup.
ἐῴκει ἐΐκτην, ἐοίκεσαν, part.
ἐοικώς (
εἰκώς Φ 254),
εἰκυῖα and
ἐϊκυῖα (
εἰοικυῖαι Σ 418); mid.
ἤϊκτο, ἔϊκτο. Hdt. has
οἶκα, οἰκώς.
e. κρά_ζω (
κραγ-)
cry out, 2 perf.
κέκρα_γα as present, imper.
κέκρα_χθι and
κεκρά_γετε, a thematic form (both in Aristoph.).
[*] 705. Other verbs with second perfects of the
μι-form (chiefly Homeric) are:
ἄνωγα (
ἄνωχθι),
βιβρώσκω (
βεβρῶτες),
ἐγείρω (
ἐγρήγορα),
ἔρχομαι (
είλήλυθμεν),
μέμονα (
μεμαώς),
πάσχω (
πέποσθε),
πείθω (
ἐπέπιθμεν),
πἱ_πτω (
πεπτώς), root
δα- learn (
δεδαώς), root
τλα- (
τέτλαμεν, τετλαίην, τέτλαθι, τετλάμεναι and
τετλάμεν, τετληώς).
