PRONOUNS
[*] 325.
The Personal Pronouns.—The pronouns of the first, second, and third person are declined as follows:
a. The enclitic forms
μου, μοι, με; σου, σοι, σε are used when the pronoun is unemphatic, the longer forms
ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ and the accented
σοῦ, σοί, σέ are used when the pronoun is emphatic. Thus,
δός μοι τὸ βιβλίον give me the book,
οὺκ ἐμοί, ἀλλὰ σοὶ ἐπιβουλεύουσι they are plotting not against me,
but against you. See 187 a. On the use after prepositions see
187 N. 2.
b. For
ἐγώ, ἐμοί, σύ the emphatic
ἔγωγε, ἔμοιγε (186 a),
σύγε occur. Also
ἐμοῦγε, ἐμέγε.
c. The use of the plural
you for
thou is unknown in Ancient Greek; hence
ὑ_μεῖς is used only in addressing more than one person.
d. Of the forms of the third personal pronoun only the datives
οἷ and
σφίσι (
ν) are commonly used in Attic prose, and then only as indirect reflexives (
1228). To express the personal pronouns of the third person we find usually:
ἐκεῖνος, οὗτος, etc., in the nominative (
1194), and the oblique forms of
αὐτός in all other cases.
e. For the accus. of
οὗ the tragic poets use
νιν (encl.) and
σφε (encl.) for masc. and fem., both sing. and pl. (=
eum,
eam; eos,
eas). Doric so uses
νιν. σφίν is rarely singular (
ei) in tragedy.
f. ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς, ὑ_μῶν, ὑ_μῖν, ὑ_μᾶς, when unemphatic, are sometimes accented in poetry on the penult, and
-ι_ν and
-α_ς are usually shortened. Thus,
ἥμων, ἧμιν, ἧμας, ὕ_μων, ὗμιν, ὗμας. -ι_ν and
-α_ς are sometimes shortened even if the pronouns are emphatic, and we have
ἡμίν, ἡμάς, ὑ_μίν, ὑ_μάς. σφάς occurs for
σφᾶς.
[*] 325 D. 1. Homer inflects the personal pronouns as follows. (The forms
ἀμμ-, ὐμμ- are Aeolic).
SINGULAR |
Nom. | ἐγώ, ἐγών | σύ, τύ_νη | |
| ( ἐμεῖο, ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, | σεῖο, σέο, σεο (encl. | εῖο, ἕο, ἑο (encl.), |
Gen. | ( μευ (encl.), ἐμέθεν | A 396), σεῦ, | εὗ, εὑ (encl.), |
| ( | σευ (encl.), σέθεν | ἕθεν, ἑθεν (encl.) |
Dat. | ἐμοί, μοι (encl.) | σοί, τοι (encl.), τεΐν | ἑοῖ, οἷ, οἱ (encl.) |
Acc. | ἐμέ, με (encl.) | σέ, σε (encl.) | ἑέ, ἕ, ἑ (encl.), μιν (encl.) |
PLURAL |
Nom. | ἡμεῖς, ἄμμες | ὑ_μεῖς, ὔμμες (and voc.) |
Gen. | ( ἡμείων, ἡμέων | ὑ_μείων, ὑ_μέων | σφείων, σφέων, |
| ( | | σφεων (encl.), σφῶν |
Dat. | ( ἡμῖν, ἄμμι (ν) | ὑ_μῖν, ὔμμι (ν) | σφίσι(ν), σφισι (ν) (encl.), |
| ( | | σφιν (encl.) |
Acc. | ( ἡμέας, ἄμμε | ὑ_μέας, ὔμμε | σφέας, σφεας (encl.), |
| ( | | σφε (encl.) |
σφε (encl.) is used as accus. of all genders and numbers.
2. Herodotus inflects the personal pronouns as follows:
σφίσι is used for
ἑαυτοῖς, -αῖς; σφι (encl.) for
αὐτοῖς, -αῖς; σφεα (encl.) for
αὐτά.
3. Ionic
μιν (encl.) is used in all genders (
eum,
eam,
id), but not in the plural.
ἄμμι, ὔμμε occur a few times,
σέθεν often, in tragedy.
4. The chief forms peculiar to Doric are: I.
ἐγών also before consonants; G.
ἐμέος, ἐμοῦς, ἐμεῦς; D.
ἐμίν; Pl. N.
ἁ_μές; G.
ἁ_μέων, ἁ_μῶν; D.
ἁ_μίν(
ι_^),
ἇμιν; A.
ἁ_μέ. II.
τύ, τύ_νη; G.
τέος, τεοῦς, τεῦς, τέο, τεῦ, τεοῦ; D.
τίν, τί_νη; A.
τέ, τίν, τύ; Pl. N.
ὑ_μές; G.
ὑ_μέων; D.
ὑ_μίν, ὗμιν; A.
ὑ_μέ. III. G.
ἑοῦς, ἑοῦ; D.
ϝίν; A.
νίν; Pl. G.
σφείων, ψέων; D.
φίν, ψίν; A.
σφέ, ψέ.
[*] 326.
Stems.—I. (
ε᾽)
με- (cp. Lat.
me),
νω- (cp. Lat.
νο_-ς), (
ε᾽)
μο-, ἡμε-. ἐμοῦ is from
ἐμέο; ἡμεῖς from
ἀμμε-ες (
37) with the rough breathing in imitation of
ὑ_μεῖς; ἡμῶν from
ἡμέων, ἡμᾶς from
ἡμέας with
α_ not
η by 56.
ἐγώ is not connected with these stems. II.
συ- and
σε- from
τϝε; το-; σφω-; ὑ_με- from
ὑμμε- (
37). III.
ἕ for
σϝε (cp. Lat.
se),
ἑέ for
σεϝε, οἷ for
σϝο-ι, and
σφε-. The form of the stems and formation of the cases is often obscure.
[*] 327.
The Intensive Pronoun αὐτός.—
αὐτός self is declined thus:
αὐτός is declined like
ἀγαθός (
287), but there is no vocative and the neuter nominative and accusative have no
-ν. But
ταὐτόν the same is common (
328 N.).
[*] 327 D. Hdt. has
αὐτέων in the genitive plural. For the crasis
ωὐτός (Hom.),
ωὑτός, τωὐτό (Hdt.), see 68 D.
[*] 328.
αὐτός is a definite adjective and a pronoun. It has three meanings:
a. self: standing by itself in the nominative,
αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or
ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός the man himself, or (without the article) in agreement with a substantive or pronoun; as
ἀνδρὸς αὐτοῦ of the man himself.
b. him,
her,
it,
them, etc.: standing by itself in an oblique case (never in the nominative). The oblique cases of
αὐτός are generally used instead of
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, etc., as
ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ his father,
οἱ παῖδες αὐτῶν their children.
c. same: when it is preceded by the article in any case:
ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ the same man,
τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνδρός of the same man.
N.—The article and
αὐτός may unite by crasis (68 a):
αὑτός, αὑτή, ταὐτό or
ταὐτόν; ταὐτοῦ, ταὐτῆς; ταὐτῷ, ταὐτῇ, etc. Distinguish
αὑτή the same f. from
αὕτη this f.;
ταὐτά the same n. from
ταῦτα these things n.;
ταὐτῇ from
ταύτῃ.
[*] 329.
Reflexive Pronouns.—The reflexive pronouns (referring back to the subject of the sentence) are formed by compounding the stems of the personal pronouns with the oblique cases of
αὐτός. In the plural both pronouns are declined separately, but the third person has also the compounded form. The nominative is excluded by the meaning. There is no dual.
| myself | thyself | himself, herself, itself |
Gen. | ἐμαυτοῦ, -ῆς | σεαυτοῦ, -ῆς (σαυτοῦ, -ῆς) | ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ (αὑτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ) |
Dat. | ἐμαυτῷ, -ῇ | σεαυτῷ, -ῇ (σαυτῷ, -ῇ) | ἑαυτῷ, -ῆ, -ῷ (αὑτῷ, -ῇ, -ῷ) |
Acc. | ἐμαυτόν, -ήν | σεαυτόν, -ήν (σαυτόν, -ήν) | ἑαυτόν, -ήν, -ό (αὑτόν, -ήν, -ό) |
| ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
Gen. | ἡμῶν αὐτῶν | ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶν | ἑαυτῶν or σφῶν αὐτῶν |
Dat. | ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς, -αῖς | ὑ_μῖν αὐτοῖς, -αῖς | ἑαυτοῖς, -αῖς, -οῖς or σφίσιν |
| | | αὐτοῖς, -αῖς |
Acc. | ἡμᾶς αὐτούς, -ά_ς | ὑ_μᾶς αὐτούς, -ά_ς | ἑαυτούς, -ά_ς, -ά or σφᾶς αὐ- |
| | | τούς, -ά_ς |
a. For
ἑαυτῶν, etc., we find
αὑτῶν, αὑτοῖς, -αῖς, αὑτούς, -ά_ς. Distinguish
αὑτοῦ of himself from
αὐτοῦ (
328).
[*] 329 D. Hom. never compounds the two pronouns: thus,
ἐμέθεν αὐτῆς, σοὶ αὐτῷ, οἷ αὐτῷ, ἑὲ αὐτόν, ἓ αὐτήν. Hdt. has a few cases of the uncompounded forms; usually
ἐμεωυτοῦ, -τῷ, -τόν, σεωυτοῦ, ἑωυτοῦ, ἑωυτῶν, -οῖσι, -ούς, and
σφέων αὐτῶν, etc. The forms with
εωυ started with
ἑωυτῷ in the dative from
ἑο(
ῖ)
αὐτῷ, and spread thence to the other cases.
[*] 330.
Possessive Pronouns.—Possessive pronouns, formed from the stems of the personal pronouns, are declined like
ἀγαθός, ἄξιος (
287).
a. Distinguish the adjectival from the pronominal use:
ὁ ἐμὸς φίλος or
ὁ φίλος ὁ ἐμός my friend (adj.) from
φίλος ἐμός a friend of mine (pron.). See 1196 a.
b. ὅς is not used in Attic prose. For
his,
her,
its,
αὐτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ are used.
[*] 330 D. 1. Hom. has also
τεός thy,
ἑός for
ὅς his,
her own,
ἁ_μός our,
ὑ_μός your,
σφός their (rarely of the singular),
νωΐτερος of us two,
σφωΐτερος of you two. For
ἐμός Attic poetry may use
ἁ_μός (sometimes printed
ἀ_μός)
our.
2.
ὅς, ἑός in Hom. may mean
my own, your own (1230 a).
[*] 331.
Reciprocal Pronoun.—The reciprocal pronoun, meaning
one another,
each other, is made by doubling the stem of
ἄλλος (
ἀλλ-αλλο-). It is used only in the oblique cases of the dual and plural. (Cp.
alii aliorum,
alter alterius).
[*] 332.
The Definite Article.—The definite article
ὁ, ἡ, τό (stems
ὁ-, ἁ_-, το-) is thus declined:
a. The definite article is a weakened demonstrative pronoun, and is still used as a demonstrative in Homer (
1100).
b. τά_ (especially) and
ταῖν, the feminine forms in the dual, are very rare in the authors, and are unknown on Attic prose inscriptions of the classical period.
[*] 332 D. Hom. has also gen.
τοῖο, gen. dat. dual
τοῖιν; nom. pl.
τοί, ταί; gen. pl. fem.
τά_ων; dat. pl. masc.
τοῖσι, fem.
τῇσι, τῇς (Hdt.
τοῖσι, τῇσι). Doric are
τῶ, τᾶς, etc.; pl. also N.
τοί, ταί; G. fem.
τᾶν. Generally poetic are
τοῖσι, ταῖσι. τοὶ μέν, τοὶ δέ occur rarely in tragedy for
οἱ μέν, οἱ δέ.
[*] 333.
Demonstrative Pronouns.—The chief demonstrative pronouns are
ὅδε this (
here),
οὗτος this,
that,
ἐκεῖνος that (
there,
yonder).
a. ὅδε is formed from the old demonstrative
ὁ, ἡ, τό this or
that, with the indeclinable demonstrative (and enclitic) ending
-δε here (cp.
hī-c from
hī-ce, Fr.
ce-ci). For the accent of
ἥδε, οἵδε, αἵδε see
186.
b. οὗτος has the rough breathing and
τ in the same places as the article.
ου corresponds to the
ο, αυ to the
α, of the article. For
οὗτος as a vocative, see 1288 a. (
οὗτος is from
ὁ + the particle *
υ + the demonstrative suffix
το ¨ ς).
c. ἐκεῖνος has a variant form
κεῖνος in poetry, and sometimes in prose (Demosthenes). (
ἐκεῖνος stands for
ἐκε(
ι)
-ενος from
ἐκεῖ there + suffix
-ενος.)
d. Other demonstrative pronouns are
These are formed from
-δε and the (usually) poetic
τόσος, τοῖος, τηλίκος with the same meanings.
e. Combinations of the above words and
οὗτος are
The forms in
-ν are more common than those in
-ο. Attic prose inscriptions have only
-ον.
[*] 333 e, D. Hom. always, Hdt. rarely, has the final
ν.
f. The dual rarely has separate feminine forms.
g. The deictic suffix
-ι_ may be added to demonstratives for emphasis. Before it
α, ε, ο are dropped. Thus,
ὁδί_ this man here,
ἡδί_, τοδί_, G.
τουδί_, τησδί_, etc.;
οὑτοσί_, αὑτη^ί_, τουτί_, οὑτοι^ί_, τουτωνί_. So with other demonstratives and with adverbs:
τοσουτοσί_, οὑτωσί_, ὡδί_. For
-ι_ we have, in comedy,
-γι_ or (rarely)
-δι_ formed from
γ(
ε),
δ(
ε) +
ί_. Thus,
αὑτηγί_, τουτογί_, τουτοδί_.
[*] 333 D. For
τοῖσδε Hom. has also
τοῖσδεσσι or
τοῖσδεσι. Doric has n. pl.
τούτοι, ταύται, gen. pl. fem.
ταυτᾶν (Aeol.
ταύτα_ν).
κεῖνος occurs in Hdt. (together with
ἐκεῖνος). Doric and Aeolic have
κῆνος.
[*] 334.
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.—The interrogative pronoun
τίς, τί who,
which,
what? never changes its accent to the grave (
154). The indefinite pronoun
τὶς, τὶ any one, some one, anything,
something is enclitic (181 b).
a. ἄττα (not enclitic) is sometimes used for the indefinite
τινά. ἄττα is derived from such locutions as
πολλάττα, properly
πολλά ¨ ττα (for
τ[ιγλιδε]α).
[*] 334 D. Hom. and Hdt. have G.
τέο, τεῦ, D.
τέῳ (
τῷ Hom.), G.
τέων, D.
τέοισι. These forms are also indefinite and enclitic (gen.
τεῶν Hdt.). Hom. has
ἄσσα for the indefinite
τινά.
[*] 335.
ἄλλος.—The indefinite pronoun
ἄλλος another (Lat.
alius, cp.
110) is declined like
αὐτός:
ἄλλος, ἄλλη, ἄλλο (never
ἄλλον).
[*] 336.
Δεῖνα.—The indefinite pronoun
δεῖνα, always used with the article, means
such a one. It is declined thus: sing.
ὁ, ἡ, τὸ δεῖνα; τοῦ, τῆς, τοῦ δεῖνος; τῷ, τῇ, τῷ δεῖνι; τὸν, τὴν, τὸ δεῖνα; plur. (masc.)
οἱ δεῖνες, τῶν δείνων, τοὺς δεῖνας. Example:
ὁ δεῖνα τοῦ δεῖνος τὸν δεῖνα εἰσήγγειλεν such a one son of such a one impeached such a one [D.] 13. 5.
δεῖνα is rarely indeclinable. Its use is colloquial and it occurs (in poetry) only in comedy.
[*] 337. Other indefinite pronominal adjectives are:
ἕτερος, -α_, -ον: with article,
the other, one of two, the one (Lat.
alter,
alteruter); without article,
other,
another,
a second (
alius). By crasis (
69)
ἅ_τερος, θά_τερον, etc.
ἑκάτερος, -α_, -ον:
each (of two)
uterque; pl.
either party, both parties, as utrique.
ἕκαστος, -η, -ον:
each,
each one, every,
every one, used of more than one (
quisque).
μόνος, -η, -ον:
alone,
only,
sole.
πᾶς (
299):
all,
entire,
every. The negatives
οὐδείς, μηδείς (349 b)
no one (poetical
οὔτις, μήτις, in prose only
οὔτι, μήτι, declined like
τὶς; accent
186), Lat.
nemo,
nullus.
οὐδέτερος, μηδέτερος neither of two (Lat.
neuter).
[*] 338.
Relative Pronouns.—The relative pronoun
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who,
which,
that is declined thus:
a. The feminine dual forms
ἅ_ and
αἷν are seldom, if ever, used in Attic.
b. ὅς is used as a demonstrative in Homer and sometimes in prose (
1113).
c. The enclitic particle
-περ may be added to a relative pronoun (or adverb) to emphasize the connection between the relative and its antecedent. Thus,
ὅσ-περ, ἥ-περ, ὅ-περ the very person who, the very thing which; so
ὥσπερ just as.
ὅσπερ is declined like
ὅς.
d. Enclitic
τε is added in
ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε on condition that,
οἷός τε (186 a)
able to,
ἅτε inasmuch as.
[*] 338 D. 1. Hom. uses the demonstrative forms
ὁ, ἡ, τό (
332) as relatives (
1105). In this case the nom. pl. has
τοί, ταί (332 D.).
2. Besides the forms in 338, Hom. has gen.
ὅο (miswritten
ὅου) and
ἕης.
3. Hdt. has
ὅς, ἥ, τό, οἵ, αἵ, τά. In the oblique cases he uses
τοῦ, τῆς, etc.; though, especially after prepositions capable of elision, he has the relative forms, as
δι᾽ οὗ, παρ᾽ ᾧ, κατ᾽ ἥν, ὑπ᾽ ὧν; also
ἐς ὅ.
[*] 339. The indefinite or general relative pronoun
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι whoever (
any-who,
any-which),
any one who, whatever,
anything which, inflects each part (
ὅς and
τὶς) separately. For the accent, see
186.
a. The neuter
ὅ τι is sometimes printed
ὅ, τι to avoid confusion with the conjunction
ὅτι that,
because.
b. The shorter forms are rare in prose, but almost universal in poetry (especially
ὅτου, ὅτῳ). Inscriptions have almost always
ὅτου, ὅτῳ, ἅττα.
c. The plural
ἅττα is to be distinguished from
ἄττα (334 a).
d. τὶς may be added to
ὁπότερος, ὅσος, οἷος (
340) to make them more indefinite, as
ὁποῖός τις of whatsoever kind.
e. οὖν, δή, or
δήποτε may be added to the indefinite pronouns to make them as general as possible, as
ὁστισοῦν (or
ὅστις οὖν),
ἡτισοῦν, ὁτιοῦν any one whatever,
any thing whatever, and so
ὁποιουσ-τινασ-οῦν, ὁστισ-δή-ποτε, or
ὁστισ-δηποτ-οῦν. In these combinations all relative or interrogative force is lost.
f. The uncompounded relatives are often used in an exclamatory sense, and sometimes as indirect interrogatives. Indefinite relatives may be used as indirect interrogatives.
[*] 339 D. Hom. has the following special forms. The forms not in () are used also by Hdt. In the nom. and acc. Hdt has the usual forms.
[*] 340.
Correlative Pronouns.—Many pronominal adjectives correspond to each other in form and meaning. In the following list poetic or rare forms are placed in ().
Interrogative: | | | Relative | Indefinite Relative |
Direct or | Indefinite | Demonstrative | (Specific) or | or Indirect |
Indirect | (Enclitic) | | Exclamatory | Interrogative |
τίς who? | τὶς | (ὁ, ὅς) ὅδε this | ὅς who, which | ὅστις whoever, |
which? what? | some one, any | (here), hic | qui | any one who |
qui? | one, aliquis, | οὗτος this, that | | quisquis, |
| quidam | is, ille | | quicunque |
| | ἐκεῖνος ille |
πότερος | πότερος or | ἕτερος the one or | ὁπότερος | ὁπότερος |
which of two? | ποτερός one of | the other of two | whichever | whichever |
uter? | two (rare) | alter | of the two | of the two |
| | | | utercumque |
πόσος how | ποσός of some | (τόσος) ( so | ὅσος as | ὁπόσος |
much? how | quantity or | τοσόσδε ( much, | much as, | of whatever |
many? quan- | number | τοσοῦτος ( so | as many as | size, number |
tus? quot? | | ( many | quantus, quot | quantuscumque, |
| | tantus, tot | | quotquot |
ποῖος | ποιός of some | (τοῖος) ) such | οἷος of which | ὁποῖος |
of what sort? | sort | τοιόσδε ) talis | sort, | of whatever sort |
qualis? | | τοιοῦτος ) | (such) as | qualiscumque |
| | | qualis |
πηλίκος | πηλίκος | ( so old, | ἡλίκος of | ὁπηλίκος |
how old? | of some | ( so | which age, | of whatever age |
how large? | age, size | (τηλίκος) ( young, | size, (as old, | or size |
| | τηλικόσδε ( so | large) as |
| | τηλικοῦτος ( large, |
| | ( so |
| | ( great |
[*] 340 D. Hom. has (Aeolic)
ππ in
ὁππότερος, ὁπποῖος, and
σς in
ὅσσος, τόσσος, etc. Hdt. has
κ for
π in (
ὁ)
κότερος, (
ὁ)
κόσος, (
ὁ)
κοῖος.