SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄν
[*] 1795. The chief uses of the independent subjunctive are the hortatory (
1797), the prohibitive (
1800), and the deliberative (
1805).
a. The name
subjunctive is due to the belief of the ancient grammarians that the mood was always subordinate. Thus,
εἴπω shall I speak? (
1805) was explained as due to the omission of a preceding
βούλει, i.e.
do you wish that I speak?
[*] 1796. The independent subjunctive refers to future time. It has three main uses: (1) the voluntative, expressing the
will of the speaker. This is akin to the imperative. (2) The deliberative. This is possibly a form of the voluntative. (3) The anticipatory (or futural). This anticipates an action as an immediate future possibility. Whether the anticipatory is a form of the voluntative is uncertain (cp.
ich will sehen, je veux voir, dialectal
il veut pleuvoir).
[*] 1797.
Hortatory Subjunctive.—The hortatory subjunctive (present or aorist) is used to express a request or a proposal (negative
μή).
a. Usually in the first person plural:
νῦν ἴωμεν καὶ ἀκούσωμεν τοῦ ἀνδρός let us go now and hear the man P. Prot. 314 b,
μήπω ἐκεῖσε ἴωμεν let's not go there yet 311 a.
ἄγε, φέρε (
δή), in Hom.
ἄγε (
δή), sometimes precedes, as
ἄγε σκοπῶμεν come,
let us consider X. C. 5.5.15.
ἴθι (
δή) rarely precedes.
b. Less frequently in the first person singular, which is usually preceded (in affirmative sentences) by
φέρε (
δή), in Hom. by
ἄγε (
δή): ““
φέρε δὴ περὶ τοῦ ψηφίσματος εἴπω”
let me now speak about the bill”
D. 19.234.
[*] 1798. The first person singular in negative exhortations (rare and poetic) may convey a warning or a threat:
μή σε, γέρον, κοίλῃσιν παρὰ νηυσὶ κιχείω old man,
let me not find thee by the hollow ships A 26. This use is often regarded as prohibitive (
1800).
[*] 1799. The hortatory use of the subjunctive compensates for the absence of an imperative of the first person.
[*] 1800.
Prohibitive Subjunctive.—The subjunctive (in the second and third persons of the aorist) is often used to express prohibitions (negative
μή).
a. Usually in the second person: ““
μηδὲν ἀθυ_μήσητε”
do not lose heart”
X. A. 5.4.19. For the aorist subjunctive the present imperative may be employed (
1840):
μὴ ποιήσῃς (or
μὴ ποίει)
ταῦτα do not do this (
not μὴ ποιῇς).
b. Less commonly in the third person, which usually represents the second: ““
ὑπολάβῃ δὲ μηδείς”
and let no one suppose”
T. 6.84 ( =
μὴ ὑπολάβητε do not suppose).
c. The third person of the present subjunctive is rare:
μὴ τοίνυν τις οἴηται ( =
μὴ οἰώμεθα)
let not any one think P. L. 861 E.
N.—
οὐ μή with the subjunctive of the second person in the dramatic poets occasionally expresses a strong prohibition: ““
οὐ μὴ ληρήσῃς”
don't talk nonsense”
Ar. Nub. 367.
[*] 1801.
Doubtful Assertion.—The present subjunctive with
μή may express a doubtful assertion, with
μὴ οὐ a doubtful negation. The idea of apprehension or anxiety (real or assumed) is due to the situation. A touch of irony often marks this use, which is chiefly Platonic. With
μή (of what may be true):
μὴ ἀγροικότερον ᾖ τὸ ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν I suspect it's rather bad form (lit.
too rude)
to tell the truth P. G. 462e. With
μὴ οὐ (of what may not be true): ““
ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχῃ”
but I rather think this may not be so”
P. Crat. 436b, ““
μὴ οὐκ ᾖ διδακτὸν ἀρετή”
virtue is perhaps not a thing to be taught”
P. Men. 94e.
[*] 1802. In Hom.
μή with the independent subjunctive is used to indicate fear and warning, or to suggest danger:
μή τι χολωσάμενος ῥέξῃ κακὸν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν may he not (as I fear he may)
in his anger do aught to injure the sons of the Achaeans B 195. Usually with the aorist, rarely with the present subjunctive (
ο 19). The constructions of 1801, 1802 are used as object clauses after verbs of fearing (
2221).
[*] 1803.
ὅπως μή is occasionally so used with the aorist subjunctive, and with an idea of command:
ὅπως μὴ φήσῃ τις may no one say (as I fear he may)
X. S. 4. 8. See
1921.
[*] 1804. From the use in 1801 is probably developed the construction of
οὐ μή with the aorist (less often the present) subjunctive to denote an emphatic denial; as ““
οὐ μὴ παύσωμαι φιλοσοφῶν”
I will not cease from searching for wisdom”
P. A. 29d, ““
οὐκέτι μὴ δύνηται βασιλεὺς ἡμᾶς καταλαβεῖν”
the king will no longer be able to overtake us”
X. A. 2.2.12.
[*] 1805.
Deliberative Subjunctive.—The deliberative subjunctive (present or aorist) is used in questions when the speaker asks
what he is to do or
say (negative
μή).
a. Usually in the first person:
εἴπωμεν ἢ σι_γῶμεν;
shall we speak or keep silence? E. Ion 758,
τί δρά_σω; ποῖ φύγω;
what am I to do? whither shall I fly? E. Med. 1271,
μὴ φῶμεν;
shall we not say? P. R. 554b.
b. The (rare) second person is used in repeating a question: A.
τί σοι πιθώμεθα; B.
ὅ τι πίθησθε; A.
In what shall we take your advice? B.
In what shall you take my advice? Ar. Av. 164.
c. The third person is generally used to represent the first person; commonly with
τὶς, as
τί τις εἶναι τοῦτο φῇ;
how shall anyone say this is so? ( =
τί φῶμεν;)
D. 19.88.
N.—The subjunctive question does not refer to a future fact, but to what is, under the present circumstances, advantageous or proper to do or say.
[*] 1806.
βούλει, βούλεσθε (poet.
θέλεις, θέλετε)
do you wish often precede the subjunctive:
βούλει σοι εἴπω;
do you wish me to say to you? P. G. 521d. This is a fusion of two distinct questions:
βούλει do you wish? and
εἴπω shall I say?
[*] 1807. The deliberative subjunctive may be replaced by a periphrasis with
δεῖ or
χρή and the infinitive, or by the verbal adjective in
-τέον ἐστί. Thus,
ἡμεῖς δὲ προσμένωμεν; ἢ τί χρὴ ποιεῖν;
and shall we wait? or what must we do? S. Tr. 390,
τί ποιητέον; ( =
τί ποιῶμεν;)
what are we to do? Ar. P. 922.
a. For the deliberative future see
1916.
[*] 1808. Deliberation in the past may be expressed by
ἔδει, χρῆν (
ἐχρῆν),
ἔμελλον with the infinitive, and by
-τέον (verbal adj.)
ἦν.
[*] 1809.
The Negative in Questions.—The use of
μή (not
οὐ) in questions is due to the fact that the construction of 1805 is simply the interrogative form of the hortatory subjunctive:
φῶμεν let us say,
μὴ φῶμεν;
are we not to say? Distinguish
πότερον βία_ν φῶμεν ἢ μὴ φῶμεν εἶναι;
shall we say that it is force or that it is not? X. M. 1.2.45, from
φῶμεν ταῦτ᾽ ὀρθῶς λέγεσθαι ἢ οὔ shall we say that this is well said or not? (
οὔ ῀ οὐκ ὀρθῶς λέγεσθαι)
P. G. 514c.
[*] 1810.
Anticipatory Subjunctive (
Homeric Subjunctive).—In Homer the subjunctive is often closely akin to the future indicative, and refers by anticipation to a future event (negative
οὐ):
οὐ γάρ πω τοίους ἴδον ἀ_νέρας, οὐδὲ ἴδωμαι for never yet saw I such men, nor shall I see them A 262, ““
καί νύ τις ὧδ᾽ εἴπῃσι”
and one will say”
ξ 275.
ἄν (
κέν) usually limits this subjunctive in Hom. (
1813).
a. This futural subjunctive is retained in Attic only in subordinate clauses (
2327), and in
τί πάθω (
1811).
[*] 1811. The subjunctive is used in
τί πάθω;
what will become of me; what am I to do? (lit.
what shall I undergo?) as
P. Eu. 302d. So
τί γένωμαι;
quid me fiet? Thus,
ὤ μοι ἐγώ, τί πάθω; τί νύ μοι μήκιστα γένηται;
ah,
woe's me! what is to become of me? what will happen unto me at the last? ε 465. The subjunctive here is not deliberative, but refers to a future event.
[*] 1812. The subjunctive without
ἄν is also used in dependent clauses of purpose (
2196), after verbs of fearing (
2225), in the protasis of conditional (
2327,
2339) and conditional relative sentences (2567 b).