I. (C) CONSONANT VERBS
[*] 400. Verbs whose stems end in a consonant are in general inflected like non-contracting
ω-verbs in all tenses. The future active and middle of liquid and nasal verbs are inflected like contracted
εω-verbs.
[*] 401. Liquid and Nasal Verbs: future active and middle of
φαίνω show.
[*] 402. Liquid and Nasal Verbs: first aorist active and middle, second aorist and second future passive of
φαίνω show.
PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE (AND PASSIVE)
[*] 403. In the perfect and pluperfect middle (and passive) of stems ending in a consonant certain euphonic changes (
409) occur upon the addition of the personal endings.
[*] 404. Several verbs with stems ending in a short vowel retain that vowel in the perfect (and in other tenses); such stems originally ended in
ς; as
τελέ-ω finish, from
τέλος end (
τελεσ-). This
ς appears in the perfect middle stem (
τετέλε-σ-μαι, τετέλε-σ-ται). In the second person singular and plural but one
ς is found:
τετέλε-σαι, τετέλε-σθε. By analogy some other verbs have a
ς at the end of the verbal stem.
[*] 405. In the perfect and pluperfect middle the third person plural of stems ending in a consonant or of stems adding
ς consists of the perfect middle participle with
εἰσί are (in the perfect) and
ἦσαν were (in the pluperfect).
[*] 406. Perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of
λείπω (
λειπ-)
leave,
γράφω (
γραφ-)
write,
πείθω (
πειθ-)
persuade,
πρά_ττω (
πρα_γ-)
do.
[*] 407. Perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of
ἐλέγχω (
ἐλεγχ-)
confute,
ἀγγέλλω (
ἀγγελ-)
announce,
φαίνω (
φαν-)
show,
τελέω (
τελε-)
finish.
EXPLANATION OF THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT FORMS
[*] 408. The periphrastic third plural is used instead of the forms derived directly from the union of the stem with the ending.
Thus,
γεγραμμένοι εἰσί is used for
γεγραφ-νται which would become
γεγράφαται by 35 b,
ν between consonants passing into
α. The periphrastic form is also used in verbs adding
ς to their stems, as
τετελε-σ-μένοι εἰσί for
τετελε-σ-νται. Stems in
ν that drop
ν in the perfect system form their perfect and pluperfect regularly; thus,
κρί_νω (
κριν-)
judge has
κέκρινται, ἐκέκριντο.
N.—On the retention of
-αται, -ατο see 465 f.
[*] 409.
Euphonic Changes.—For the euphonic changes in these forms see
82-87, 103.
a. Labial Stems.—
λέλειμ-μαι is for
λελειπ-μαι, λέλειφ-θον is for
λελειπ-σθον, λέλειφθε is for
λελειπ-σθε (
103). In the same manner are inflected other labial stems, as
τρί_βω (
τρι_β-)
rub,
ῥί_πτω (
ῥι_π-)
throw: τέτρι_μ-μαι for
τετρι_β-μαι, τέτρι_ψαι for
τετρι_β-σαι, etc. Stems ending in
μπ drop
π before
μ, but retain it before other consonants. Thus,
b. Dental Stems.—
πέπεισ-ται is for
πεπειθ-ται (
83),
πέπεισ-θον is for
πεπειθθον (
83),
πέπεισθε is for
πεπειθ-(
ς)
θε (
83,
103). The
ς thus produced was trans ferred to the first persons
πέπεισμαι, πεπείσμεθα (
86,
87). Like
πέπεισμαι, etc., are formed and inflected
ἔψευσμαι from
ψεύδω (
ψευδ-)
deceive,
πέφρασμαι from
φράζω (
φραδ-)
declare,
ἔσπεισμαι (
100) from
σπένδω (
σπενδ-)
pour a libation.
[*] 409 b. D. Hom. has the original forms
πεφραδμένος, κεκορυθμένος.
c. Paltal Stems.—
πέπρα_ξαι is for
πεπρα_γ-σαι (
97),
πέπρα_κται is for
πεπρα_γται (82 a),
πέπρα_χθε is for
πεπρα_γ-σθε (
103). Like
πέπρα_γμαι are inflected
πλέκω (
πλεκ-)
weave πέπλεγ-μαι, ἄγω (
ἀγ-)
lead ἦγμαι, ἀλλάττω (
ἀλλαγ-)
exchange ἤλλαγμαι, ταράττω (
ταραχ-)
confuse τετάραγμαι. Stems in
-γχ change
χ before
μ to
γ and drop one
γ (as in
ἐλήλεγ-μαι for
ἐληλεγγ-μαι, 85 and 85 b), but keep the second palatal before other consonants (as in
ἐλήλεγξαι for
ἐληλεγχ-σαι, 97;
ἐλήλεγκ-ται for
ἐληλεγχ-ται,
82). On the reduplication see
446.
d. Liquid and Nasal Stems.—Stems in
λ or
ρ are inflected like
ἤγγελμαι, as
στέλλω (
στελ-, σταλ-)
send ἔσταλμαι, αἴρω (
ἀρ-)
raise ἦρμαι, ἐγείρω (
ἐγερ-)
wake ἐγήγερμαι (
446). Stems in
ν retaining the nasal are inflected like
πέφασμαι, as
σημαίνω (
σημαν-)
signify σεσήμασμαι. (For
-σμαι see
94 a and b.) Stems in
ν dropping the nasal (559 a) are inflected like
λέλυμαι, as
κρί_νω (
κριν-)
judge κέκριμαι.
e. Vowel Stems adding ς.—Here the stem ends in a vowel except before
μ and
τ; thus,
τετέλε-σαι, τετέλε-σθον, τετέλε-σθε: but
τετέλε-σ-μαι, τετελέ-σ-μεθα, τετέλε-σ-ται.
N.—Since the stem of
τελέω is properly
τελεσ- (
τελεσ-[ιγλιδε]ω,
624), the original inflection is
τετελεσ-σαι, whence
τετέλε-σαι (
107);
τετέλεσ-ται; τετελεσ-σθον, τετελεσ-σθε, whence
τετέλεσθον, τετέλεσθε (
103).
τετέλεσμαι and
τετελέσμεθα are due to the analogy of the other forms.
[*] 410. The forms
πέφανσαι, ἐπέφανσο, and
πέφανσο are not attested. Cp. 707 a.
[*] 411. The principal parts of the verbs in 406-407 are as follows:
ἀγγέλλω announce (
ἀγγελ-),
ἀγγελῶ, ἤγγειλα, ἤγγελκα, ἤγγελμαι, ἠγγέλθην.
γράφω write (
γραφ-),
γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι, 2 aor. pass.
ἐγράφην.
ἐλέγχω confute (
ἐλεγχ-),
ἐλέγξω, ἤλεγξα, ἐλήλεγμαι, ἠλέγχθην.
λείπω leave (
λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-),
λείψω, 2 perf.
λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, 2 a.
ἔλιπον.
πείθω persuade (
πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-),
πείσω, ἔπεισα, 1 perf.
πέπεικα I have persuaded, 2 perf.
πέποιθα I trust,
πέπεισμαι, ἐπείσθην.
πρά_ττω do (
πρα_γ-),
πρά_ξω, ἐπρα_ξα, 2 perf.
πέπρα_γα I have fared and
I have done,
πέπρα_γμαι, ἐπρά_χθην.
τελέω finish (
τελε-σ-),
τελῶ, ἐτέλεσα, τετέλεκα, τετέλεσμαι, ἐτελέσθην.
φαίνω show (
φαν-),
φανῶ, ἔφηνα, 1 perf.
πέφαγκα I have shown, 2 perf.
πέφηνα I have appeared,
πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην I was shown, 2 aor. pass.
ἐφάνην I appeared.