IRREGULAR MI-VERBS
[*] 768.
εἰμί (
ἐσ-, cp. Lat.
es-se)
am has only the present and future systems.
Infin.
εἶναι Participle
ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν, gen.
ὄντος, οὔσης, ὄντος, etc. (
305)
FUTURE (with middle forms):
ἔσομαι, ἔσῃ (or
ἔσει),
ἔσται, ἔσεσθον, ἔσεσθον, ἐσόμεθα, ἔσεσθε, ἔσονται, opt.
ἐσοίμην, inf.
ἔσεσθαι, part.
ἐσόμενος, -η, -ον.
a. The imperative 3 pl.
ἔστωσαν occurs in Plato and Demosthenes;
ὄντων in Plato and on inscriptions.
b. In composition
ὤν retains its accent, as
ἀπών, ἀποῦσα, ἀπόντος, etc.; and so
ἔσται, as
ἀπέσται (426 e).
[*] 768 D. 1. Homer has the following forms:
Pres. ind. 2 sing.
ἐσσί and
εἶς, 1 pl.
εἰμέν, 3 pl. (
εἰσί, and)
ἔα_σι not enclitic.
Imperf.
ἦα, ἔα, ἔον, 2 sing.
ἦσθα, ἔησθα, 3 sing.
ἦεν, ἔην, ἤην, ἦν (rare), 3 pl.
ἦσαν, ἔσαν; iterative (
495)
ἔσκον (for
ἐσ-σκον).
Subj.
ἔω, ἔῃς, 3 sing.
ἔῃ, ἔῃσι, ᾖσι, 3 pl.
ἔωσι (twice
ὦσι);
μέτειμι has 1 sing.
μετέω, and
μετείω (with metrical lengthening).
Opt.
εἴην, etc., also
ἔοις, ἔοι; Imper. 2 sing.
ἔσ-σο (middle form),
ἔστω, 3 pl.
ἔστων.
Inf.
εἶναι and
ἔμμεναι (for
ἐσ-μεναι),
ἔμμεν, also
ἔμεναι, ἔμεν.
Part.
ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, etc., rarely the Attic forms.
Fut. often with
σς:
ἔσσομαι and
ἔσομαι; 3 sing.
ἔσεται, ἔσται, ἔσσεται, also
ἐσσεῖται (as in Dor.),
ἔσσεσθαι, ἐσσόμενος.
2. Herodotus has pres, ind. 2 sing.
εἶς, 1 pl.
εἰμέν; imperf., the Attic forms and
ἔα, 2 sing.
ἔας, 2 pl.
ἔατε; iterative
ἔσκον; subj.
ἔω, ἔωσι; opt. once
ἐν-έοι, εἴησαν, less freq.
εἶεν; part.
ἐών.
3. Dor. pres. ind. 1 sing.
ἠμί and
εἰμί, 2 sing.
ἐσσί, 1 pl.
ἠμές and
εἰμές (Pind.
εἰμέν), 3 pl.
ἐντί; imperf. 3 sing.
ἦς (for
ἠσ-τ), 1 pl.
ἦμες, 3 pl.
ἦσαν and
ἦν; inf.
ἦμεν, εἶμεν; part.
ἐών and fem.
ἔασσα, pl.
ἔντες. Fut.
ἐσσεῦμαι, -ῇ, -ῆται or
-εῖται, ἐσσοῦνται (540 D.).
4. Aeolic
ἔμμι out of
ἐσμι; imper.
ἔσσο, part.
ἔων, ἔσσα (Sappho); imperf.
ἔον.
[*] 769. The optative forms
εἴημεν, εἴητε, εἴησαν are found only in prose writers.
εἶμεν occurs in poetry and Plato,
εἶτε only in poetry,
εἶεν in poetry and prose and more frequently than
εἴησαν.
[*] 770. The indicative
εἰμί is for *
ἐσ-μι (
37);
εἶ is for *
ἐσι (originally
ἐσ-σί, 463 b);
ἐσ-τί retains the original ending
τι; εἰσί is for (
σ-）
εντι, cp. Lat.
sunt; ἐσμέν, with
ς before
μ despite 105; the
ς is due to the influence of
ἐστέ. The subjunctive
ὦ is for
ἔω, from
ἐσ-ω; the optative
εἴην is for
ἐσ-ιη-ν; εἶμεν for
ἐσ-ι_μεν, cp. Lat.
sĩmus. The infinitive
εἶναι is for
ἐσ-ναι; the participle
ὤν is for
ἐών, from
ἐσ-ων.
[*] 771. Old Attic
ἦ is from
ἦα (Hom.) =
ἠςṃ, i.e.
ἐσ- augmented + the secondary ending
μ, which becomes
α by 35 c.
ἦς for
ἦσθα is rare. The 3 pl. was originally
ἦν, contracted from
ἦεν (Hom.); this
ἦν came to be used as 3 sing. By analogy to
ἦμεν ἦστε the 1 sing.
ἦν was formed.
[*] 772. Inflected according to the
ω-conjugation are the subjunctive, the participle
ὤν, and several dialect forms.
[*] 773.
εἶμι (
ἰ-, εἰ-; cp. Lat.
ι_-ρε)
go has only the present system.
Infinitive:
ἰέναι. Participle:
ἰών, ἰοῦσα, ἰόν, gen.
ἰόντος, ἰούσης, ἰόντος, etc.
Verbal Adjectives:
ἰτός (poet.),
ἰτέος, ἰτητέος.
a. The imperative 3 pl.
ἴτωσαν occurs rarely in Xenophon and Plato.
b. The participle
ἰών is accented like a second aorist. The accent of the simple form of participle and infinitive is kept in composition, as
παριών, παριοῦσα, ἀπιέναι. Otherwise the compounds have recessive accent so far as the rules allow:
πάρειμι, ἄπεισι, but
ἀπῇα, προσῇμεν.
[*] 773 D. Hom. has 2 sing.
εἶσθα (Hesiod
εἶς); subj.
ἴῃσθα and
ἴῃς, ἴῃσιν and
ἴῃ, ἴομεν and
ἴ_ομεν; opt.
ἰείη and
ἴοι; infin.
ἴμεναι, ἴμεν, and
ἰέναι (twice).
Imperf.: 1 sing.
ἤϊα, ἀνήϊον, 3 sing.
ἤϊε, ᾖε, ᾔει (at the verse-end,
ᾖε?),
ἴε; dual
ἴτην, pl.
ᾔομεν, ἤϊσαν, ἐπῇσαν, ἴσαν, ἤϊον. For
ἤϊα, ἤϊε, ἤϊσαν some write
ᾔεα, ᾔεε, ᾔεσαν.
Future: εἴσομαι Ω 462,
ο 213.
ϝείσομαι Ξ 8 and
ϝείσατο, ἐϝείσατο probably come from
ϝί_εμαι strive (
778).
Hdt.:
ἤϊα, ἤϊε, ἤϊσαν (Mss.), but
ῃ for
ηι is correct.
[*] 774.
εἶμι in the indicative present means
I shall go,
I am going. See
1880. For
I go ἔρχομαι is used in the present indicative, but not (in prose) in the imperfect, or in the other moods. The scheme of moods and tenses is as follows:
Present: indic.
ἔρχομαι, subj.
ἴω, opt.
ἴοιμι or
ἰοίην, imper.
ἴθι, inf.
ἰέναι, part.
ἰών.
Imperfect:
ᾖα.
Future:
εἶμι, ἐλευσοίμην, ἐλεύσεσθαι, ἐλευσόμενος.
[*] 775. In the imperfect the older prose writers usually have
ᾖα, ᾔεισθα, ᾔει-ν, the later have
ᾔειν, ᾔεις, ᾔει. The plural forms
ᾔειμεν and
ᾔειτε are not classical. Prose writers seem to prefer
ᾔεσαν to
ᾖσαν. The
ῃ here is the stem
ει augmented.
[*] 776. The part., the subjv., and the opt. are inflected with the thematic vowel; and so also some of the dialectical forms.
[*] 777.
ἵ_ημι (
ἑ-, ἡ-)
send is inflected nearly like
τίθημι (p.
135). The inflection of the present and second aorist systems is as follows:
Future: —
ἥσω in prose only in composition; —
ἥσομαι only in composition.
First Aorist:
ἧκα in prose usually in comp., —
ἡκάμην; both only in the indic.
Perfect Active: —
εἷκα only in composition.
Perfect Middle (Passive): —
εἷμαι (plup. —
εἵμην), —
εἵσθω, —
εἷσθαι, —
εἱμένος, only in composition.
Aorist Passive: —
εἵθην, —
ἑθῶ, —
ἑθῆναι, —
ἑθείς, only in composition.
Future Passive: —
ἑθήσομαι, only in composition.
Verbal Adjectives: —
ἑτός, —
ἑτέος, only in composition.
[*] 777 D. 1. In Hom.
ἵημι usually has the initial
ι short.
Present: -ἱεῖς, ἵησι and
-ἱεῖ, ἱεῖσι from
ἱε-ντι, inf.
ἱέμεναι and
-ἱέμεν.
Imperf.: -ἵειν, -ἵεις, -ἵει, 3 pl.
ἵεν.
Future: ἥσω, once
ἀν-έσει.
First Aorist: ἧκα and
ἕηκα, ἐνήκαμεν once,
ἧκαν once.
Second Aorist: for the augmented
εἱ-forms Hom. has usually the unaugmented
ἑ-; as
ἕσαν, ἕντο. In the subjunctive
μεθείω, μεθήῃ, ἀφέῃ, μεθῶμεν.
2. Hdt. has
-ἱεῖ (accented
-ἵει),
ἱεῖσι, imperf.
-ἵ_ει, perf.
ἀνέωνται for
ἀνεῖνται, part.
με-μετ-ι-μένος for
μεθειμένος.
3. Dor. has perf.
ἕωκα, ἕωμαι.
[*] 778. Since
ἵημι is reduplicated (probably for
σι-ση-μι) the initial
ι should be short, as it is in Hom. (rarely in Attic poetry).
ι_ is probably due to confusion with the
ι_ of Hom.
ἵ_εμαι (
ϝί_εμαι)
strive, a meaning that
ἵεμαι occasionally shows in Attic.
ἵεμαι meaning
hasten occurs only in the present and imperfect.
[*] 779.
ει is for
ε ¨ ε in the second aorist active (
ἐ-ἑ-μεν ῀ εἷμεν), perfect active (
ἑ-ἑ-κα ῀ εἷκα), perfect middle (
ἑ-ἑ-μαι ῀ εἷμαι), second aorist passive (
ε᾽ ¨ ἑ-θην ῀ εἵθην). In the aorists
ε᾽ is the augment, in the perfects the first
ἑ is the reduplication of the weak stem
ἑ-. The first aorist
ἧ-κα has the strong stem form. Present subj.
ἱ_ῶ, ἱ_ῇς, etc., are for
ἱ_ἑω, ἱ_ἑῃς, etc.; aor. subj.
-ὧ, -ᾗς, etc., are for
-ἕ-ω, -ἕ-ῃς, etc.
[*] 780. Much confusion exists in the Mss. as regards the accentuation. Thus for
ἱ_εῖς we find
ἵεις, and in Hom.
προΐει (present), as if from
ἵω. See 746 c.
[*] 781. For
ἀφί_οιτε, ἀφί_οιεν and
προοῖτο, προοῖσθε, προοῖντο (also accented
πρόοιτο, etc.) see 746 c.
[*] 782. The imperfect of
ἀφί_ημι is either
ἀφί_ην or
ἠφί_ην (
450).
[*] 783.
φημί (
φα-, φη-, cp. Lat.
fā-ri)
say,
say yes , or
assent is inflected in the present as follows:
Infin.:
φάναι; Partic.: poet.
φά_ς, φᾶσα, φάν (Attic prose
φάσκων); Verbal Adj.:
φατός (poet.),
φατέος.
Future:
φήσω, φήσειν, φήσων.
First Aorist:
ἔφησα, φήσω, φήσαιμι, —, φῆσαι, φήσα_ς.
Perf. Pass. Imper.:
πεφάσθω let it be said.
[*] 783 D. 1. Hom. has
φῇσθα for
φῄς; subj.
φήῃ and
φῇσι (463 c. D) for
φῇ; imperf.
ἔφην, φῆν, ἔφησθα, φῆσθα, ἔφης, φῆς, 3 s.
ἔφην, rarely
φῆ, 1 pl.
φαμέν, 3 pl.
ἔφασαν, φάσαν, ἔφαν, φάν.
2. Doric
φα_μί, φα_τί, φαντί; imperf.
ἔφα_, φᾶ; inf.
φάμεν; fut.
φά_σω, φά_σομαι; aor.
ἔφα_σα.
3. Aeolic
φᾶμι or
φαῖμι, φαῖσθα, 3 s.
φαῖσι, 3 pl.
φαῖσι.
[*] 784. All the forms of the present indicative except
φῄς are enclitic (181 c). —In composition
σύμφημι, σύμφῃς (but the Mss. often have
συμφῄς and
συμφῇς),
συμφῶ, σύμφαθι.
[*] 785. In the optative
φαῖτε does not occur, perhaps by chance (
461,
683 a).
φαῖμεν, φαῖεν are ordinary Attic;
φαίημεν, φαίησαν are rare.
[*] 786. Middle forms in present, imperfect, and future are dialectic.
[*] 786 D. Middle forms of
φημί are rare or unknown in Attic (Plato has perf. imper.
πεφάσθω), but common in other dialects; yet the pres. indicative middle is rare. Hom. has imperf.
ἐφάμην, ἔφατο or
φάτο, etc., imper.
φάο, φάσθω, etc., inf.
φάσθαι (and in choral poetry), part.
φάμενος (also in Hdt.). These middle forms are active in meaning.
[*] 787.
οὔ φημι means
refuse (Lat.
nego). In the meaning
assert,
φάσκω is commonly used outside of the indicative. In the meaning
say often,
φάσκω is used.
ἔφησα and
φήσω are aor. and fut. in the meanings
say yes and
assent.
ἔφην, ἔφη (and
φάναι) often correspond to Lat.
inquam,
inquit.
[*] 788.
ἔφην and
φῶ, φαίην may have an aoristic force.
ἔφην and poet.
ἐφάμην are both imperfect and second aorist.
[*] 789.
ἧμαι (
ἡσ-)
sit is inflected only in the present system. The
ς of the verb-stem appears only before
-ται, -το.
The subjunctive and optative are wanting; present infinitive
ἧσθαι; participle
ἥμενος.
a. Uncompounded
ἧμαι occurs only in Epic, tragedy, and Herodotus. The missing tenses are supplied by
ἕζομαι, ἵζω and
ἵζομαι.
[*] 789 D. Hom. has
εἵαται, and
ἕαται (twice),
εἵατο, and
ἕατο once (once
ἧντο).
ἡ- is probably the correct spelling for
εἱ-.
[*] 790. In place of
ἧμαι we find usually
κάθ-ημαι in Attic prose and comedy.
κάθημαι sometimes is perfect in meaning (
I have sat,
I have been seated). The
ς of the verb-stem does not appear except before
-το.
Infinitive:
καθῆσθαι; Participle:
καθήμενος.
a. The imperative has
κάθου in comedy for
κάθησο. In the imperfect
ἐκαθήμην is used about as often as
καθήμην.
b. The missing tenses are supplied by
καθέζομαι, καθίζω, καθίζομαι.
[*] 790 D. Hom. has 3 pl.
καθείατο (
καθήατο?). Hdt. has
κατέαται, κατέατο; καθῆστο not
καθῆτο.
[*] 791.
κεῖμαι (
κει-)
lie,
am laid, regularly used in the present and imperfect instead of the perfect and pluperfect passive of
τίθημι place.
Infinitive:
κεῖσθαι; Participle:
κείμενος.
Future:
κείσομαι, κείσῃ or
κείσει, κείσεται, etc.
a. In the subjunctive and optative
κει- becomes
κε- before a vowel (
43).
b. Compounds have recessive accent in the present indicative and imperative:
παράκειμαι, παράκεισο, but
παρακεῖσθαι.
[*] 791 D. Hom. has 3 pl. pres.
κείαται, κέαται, κέονται; imperf.
κεῖντο, κείατο, κέατο, iter.
κέσκετο; subj.
κῆται, and
κεῖται for
χε（
[ιγλιδε]）
-ε-ται; fut.
κείσομαι.
Hdt. has 3 sing. pres.
κέεται and
κεῖται, 3 pl.
κέαται; imperf.
ἔκειτο, pl.
ἐκέατο.
[*] 792.
ἠ-μί (cp. Lat.
a-io)
say occurs only in the present and imperfect 1 and 3 sing., and is used in parentheses (as Lat.
inquam,
inquit).
Forms:
ἠμί, ἠσί; ἦν, ἦ. Examples:
παῖ, ἠμί, παῖ boy,
I say,
boy! (emphatic repetition).
ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ said I,
ἦ δ᾽ ὅς said he (
1113).
[*] 792 D. Hom has
ἦ, Doric
ἠτί, Aeolic
ἦσι.
[*] 793.
χρή it is necessary is really an indeclinable substantive meaning
necessity with the verb understood. In the present indicative
ἐστί is to be supplied. Elsewhere
χρή unites with the form of the verb to be supplied; as subj.
χρῇ (
χρὴ ¨ ᾖ), opt.
χρείη (
χρὴ ¨ εἴη), inf.
χρῆναι (
χρὴ ¨ εἶναι), part. indeclinable
χρεών (
χρὴ ¨ ὄν); imperf.
χρῆν (
χρὴ ¨ ἦν), and less commonly
ἐχρῆν with an augment because the composite character of
χρῆν was forgotten, fut.
χρῆσται (
χρὴ ¨ ἔσται).
a. ἀπόχρη it suffices has pl.
ἀποχρῶσι, part.
ἀποχρῶν, -χρῶσα, -χρῶν, imperf.
ἀπέχρη, fut.
ἀποχρήσει, aor.
ἀπέχρησε.
[*] 793 D. Hdt. has
χρή, χρῆν, χρῆναι, but
ἀπροχρᾷ, ἀποχρᾶν.
[*] 794.
οἶδα (
ἰδ, εἰδ-ε, οἰδ- originally with
ϝ; cp. Lat.
video)
know is a second perfect with the meaning of a present, and formed without reduplication. The second perfect and second pluperfect are inflected as follows:
Infinitive
εἰδέναι; Participle
εἰδώς, εἰδυῖα, εἰδός (
309); Verbal Adj.
ἰστέος; Future
εἴσομαι. Compound
σύνοιδα am conscious of.
[*] 794 D. 1. Hom. has
οἶδας α 337,
ἴδμεν, ἴσα_σι (
ἴσσα_σι for
ἴ_σα_σι I
36); subj.
εἰδέω π 236 and
ἰδέω (?
Ξ 235),
εἴδομεν and
εἴδετε with short thematic vowels; inf.
ἴδμεναι, ἴδμεν; part.
εἰδυῖα and
ἰδυῖα. Pluperf.
ᾔδεα, ᾔδησθα τ 93,
ἠείδεις（
-ης?) X 280 with
η as augment (
433),
ᾔδη, ᾔδεε, ἠείδει ι 206, 3 pl.
ἴσαν for
ἰδ-σαν. Fut.
εἴσομαι, inf.
εἰδησέμεν and
-σειν.
2. Hdt. has
οἶδας, ἴδμεν and
οἴδαμεν (rarely),
οἴδα_σι, subj.
εἰδέω, plup.
ᾔδεα, ᾔδεε (
ᾔδει?),
-ᾐδέατε, ᾔδεσαν, fut.
εἰδήσω.
3. Dor. has
ἴσα_μι (pl.
ἴσαμεν, ἴσαντι) and
οἶδα. Boeotian has
ἴττω for
ἴστω. Aeolic has
ϝοίδημι and
οἶδα.
[*] 795. The verb-stem has the meaning
find out; hence the perfect
οἶδα means
I have found out and hence
I know.
[*] 796. In Ionic and late Greek we find
οἶδας, οἴδαμεν, etc. These forms are rare in Attic.
οἶσθας occurs in comedy.
[*] 797. In the optative dual and plural prose writers have either the shorter or the longer forms; the poets only the shorter forms.
[*] 798. Pluperfect
ᾔδειν, ᾔδεις occur in later Attic (Demosthenes), but are suspicious in earlier writers.
ᾔδεισθα occurs in the best Mss. of Plato and elsewhere, but it is less correct Attic.
ᾔδης is incorrect.
ᾔδει is rare.
ᾖστον, ᾔστην are almost entirely poetic. In the plural
ᾔδειμεν, ᾔδειτε, ᾔδεισαν are post-classical.
ᾔδεμεν, ᾔδετε occur rarely in the Attic poets.
[*] 799.
οἶσθα is from
οἰδ ¨ θα; ἴστε from
ἰδ ¨ τε; ἴσθι from
ἰδ ¨ θι (
83).
ἴσμεν (older
ἴδμεν) gets its
ς from
ἴστε (
87).
ἴσα_σι is from
ἰδ ¨ σαντι, with
ς from (Hom.)
ἴσαν ῀ ἰδ-σαν with the ending
-σαν (cp.
εἴξα_σι 704 d).
ᾔδη is for
ἠ-είδη with
η as augment (
433).
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VOICE-FORMS, ETC.
[*] 800. Some verbs in the present appear in classical Greek in the active voice only, as
βαίνω go,
ἕρπω creep,
τρέω tremble; others in the middle only, as
ἅλλομαι leap,
βούλομαι wish,
κάθημαι sit,
κεῖμαι lie.
[*] 801. Outside of the present some active verbs show middle forms especially in the future, as
βήσομαι shall go,
ἀκούσομαι shall hear (
805); and some verbs exclusively or chiefly deponent show active forms especially in the perfect, as
γίγνομαι become γέγονα, μαίνομαι rage μέμηνα, δέρκομαι poet., 2 aor.
ἔδρακον, perf.
δ<*>δορκα.
[*] 802. For the passive voice the middle forms sufficed in most cases; many middle futures are still used passively (
807, as
ἀδικήσο- μαι shall be wronged; and traces of the passive use of the aorist middle appear in Hom., as
ἔβλητο was hit. This use was largely abandoned when
-ην and
-θην came to be used as special marks of the passive. Originally neither
-ην nor
-θην was passive in meaning.
[*] 802 D. Hom. has
ἐκτάμην was killed,
ἐσχόμην was stayed. Cp. also
ᾐδεσάμην and
αἴδεσθεν (
αἰδέομαι respect),
ὀἱ_σατο and
ὠίσθην (
οἴομαι think),
ἐχολωσάμην and
ἐχολώθην (
χολόω enrage).
[*] 803. The second aorist in
-ην is primarily intransitive and shows active inflection (as
ἔστην stood). Many so-called passive forms are in fact merely intransitive aorists of active verbs, as
ἐρρύην from
ῥέω flow,
κατεκλίνην from
κατακλί_νω lie down, and do not differ in meaning from the aorists of deponent verbs, as
ἐμάνην from
μαίνομαι rage.
[*] 804. The aorists in
-θην that are called passive are often active or middle in meaning, as
ἥσθην took pleasure in from
ἥδομαι, ᾐσχύνθην felt ashamed from
αἰσχύ_νω disgrace,
αἰσχύ_νομαι am ashamed; ὠργίσθην became angry from
ὀργίζω anger.
FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHER
[*] 805.
Future Middle with Active Meaning.—Many verbs have no active future, but use instead the future middle in an active sense:
λαμβάνω take λήψομαι, γιγνώσκω know γνώσομαι.
a. Most such verbs denote a physical action, as the action of the vocal organs; the action of the organs of sight, hearing, smell, touch; the action of throat, mouth, lips; bodily activity in general, voluntary or involuntary; and other aspects of the physical side of human organism.
[*] 806. In the following list of active verbs with middle futures those marked * have also an active future; those marked † sometimes have an active future in late Greek. All verbs adding
-αν- to form the present stem (
523, b, c) have a middle future except
αὐξάνω, λανθάνω, ὀφλισκάνω. Verbs denoting praise or blame usually have both an active and a middle future.
a. Compounds of
χωρέω with
ἀπο-, συγ-, παρα-, προσ- have both active and middle futures; other compounds have only the active futures.
[*] 807.
Future Middle with Passive Meaning.—In many verbs the future middle has the meaning of the future passive, as
ἀδικέω wrong,
ἀδικήσομαι shall be wronged.
[*] 808. The following verbs commonly use the future middle in a passive sense. (All of these have the future passive in late Greek, except
ἀμφις βητέω, ἐάω, εἴργω, ἐνεδρεύω, οἰκέω, παιδαγωγέω, προαγορεύω, στρεβλόω, στυγέω.)
[*] 809. Some verbs use in a passive sense both a future middle form and a future passive form; on the difference in meaning see
1738.
| ἄγω lead, ἄξομαι, ἀχθήσομαι. | μαρτυρέω bear witness, μαρτυρήσομαι, |
| ἀπατάω deceive, ἀπατήσομαι, ἐξαπατη- | μαρτυρηθήσομαι. |
| θήσομαι. | πολιορκέω besiege, πολιορκήσομαι, πολι- |
| αὐξάνω increase, αὐξήσομαι, αὐξηθήσομαι. | ορκηθήσομαι. |
| βλάπτω hurt, βλάψομαι, βλαβήσομαι. | πρά_ττω do, πρά_ξομαι (rare), πρα_χθήσομαι. |
| δηλόω manifest, δηλώσομαι, δηλωθήσο- | στερέω deprive, ἀποστερήσομαι, ἀποστε- |
| μαι. | ρηθήσομαι. |
| ζημιόω fine, ζημιώσομαι, ζημιωθήσομαι. | τι_μάω honour, τι_μήσομαι, τι_μηθήσομαι. |
| καλέω call, καλοῦμαι (rare), κληθήσομαι. | ὑβρίζω insult, ὑβριοῦμαι, ὑβρισθήσομαι. |
| κηρύ_ττω proclaim, κηρύξομαι (rare), κη- | φέρω bear, οἴσομαι, οἰσθήσομαι, κατενε- |
| ρυχθήσομαι. | χθήσομαι. |
| κρί_νω judge, κρινοῦμαι, κριθήσομαι. | φρονέω: καταφρονήσομαι despise, κατα- |
| λέγω say, λέξομαι (tragic), λεχθήσομαι. | φρονηθήσομαι. |
| λείπω leave, ἀπολείψομαι, ἀπολειφθήσομαι. | ὠφελέω aid, ὠφελήσομαι, ὠφεληθήσομαι. |
[*] 810.
Middle Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have an active or middle meaning with middle forms are called middle deponents. The aorist passive of such verbs, when it occurs, has a passive force. Thus
αἰτιάομαι accuse,
ᾐτια_σάμην accused,
ᾐτιά_θην was accused. Others 813 c.
[*] 811.
Passive Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have the passive form but the active or middle meaning are called passive deponents; as
βούλομαι wish, aor.
ἐβουλήθην. The future is usually middle in form. Most passive deponents express mental action of some sort.
[*] 812. In the following list verbs marked * have a future passive form and also a future middle form; as
διαλέγομαι converse, aor.
διελέχθην conversed, fut.
διαλέξομαι and
διαλεχθήσομαι shall converse. But
ἥδομαι take pleasure in has only
ἡσθήσομαι, and
ἡττάομαι yield to, am worsted has only
ἡττηθήσομαι. Verbs with † have also an aorist middle, but it is less common, or poetic, or late Greek.
| †ἄγαμαι admire, ἠγάσθην | *ἡττάομαι yield to, ἡττήθην |
| *†αἰδέομαι feel shame, ᾐδέσθην | （ἐν-) θυ_μέομαι consider, ἐνεθυ_μήθην |
| ἀλάομαι (usu. poet.) wander, ἠλήθην | （προ-) θυ_μέομαι am eager, προεθυ_μήθην |
| †ἁμιλλάομαι contend, ἡμιλλήθην | *†（δια-) λέγομαι converse, διελέχθην |
| †ἀρνέομαι deny, ἠρνήθην | （ἐπι-) μέλομαι care for, ἐπεμελήθην |
| *ἄχθομαι am grieved, ἠχθέσθην | （μετα-) μέλομαι regret, μετεμελήθην |
| βούλομαι wish, ἐβουλήθην (430） | （ἀπο-) νοέομαι despair, ἀπενοήθην |
| δέομαι want, ἐδεήθην | *（δια-) νοέομαι reflect, διενοήθην |
| δέρκομαι (poet.) see, ἐδέρχθην | （ἐν-) νοέομαι think of, ἐνενοήθην |
| δύναμαι am able, ἐδυνήθην (430） | †（ἐπι-) νοέομαι think on, ἐπενοήθην |
| ἐναντιόομαι oppose, ἠναντιώθην | †（προ-) νοέομαι foresee, provide, προε- |
| ἐπίσταμαι understand, ἠπιστήθην | νοήθην |
| ἔραμαι ἐράω love, ἠράσθην | οἴομαι think, ᾠήθην |
| εὐλαβέομαι am cautious, ηὐλαβήθην | φιλοτι_μέομαι am ambitious, ἐφιλοτι_μή- |
| †ἥδομαι take pleasure in, ἥσθην | θην |
a. Some verbs use either the aorist middle or aorist passive without distinction, as
ἐναυλίζομαι bivouac,
πρα_γματεύομαι am engaged in.
b. Some verbs use both, but prefer the aorist middle, as
ἀποκρί_νομαι answer,
ἀπολογέομαι speak in defence,
μέμφομαι blame.
c. Some verbs use the aorist passive in an active or middle sense, as
ἀπορέομαι doubt, pass.
be disputed, aor.
ἠπορήθην; πειράω prove,
πειράομαι try, aor.
ἐπειρά_θην (less often
ἐπειρα_σάμην), fut.
πειρά_σομαι and
πειρα_θήσομαι. ἐράω (poet.
ἔραμαι)
love has
ἠράσθην fell in love with, fut.
ἐρασθήσομαι.
[*] 813.
Deponents with Passive Meaning.—Some deponent verbs have a passive meaning. This is avoided by good writers in the present and imperfect or future passive, is not frequent in the aorist, but is common in the perfect and pluperfect passive. Thus
ἀπεκρίνεται (
ἀπεκρίθη)
ταῦτα this answer is (
was)
made is not good Greek. Few verbs show the passive meaning in most of these tenses; as
ὠνέομαι buy,
am bought,
ἐωνήθην was bought,
ἐώνημαι have bought, have been bought.
a. Present and Imperfect:
ἀγωνίζομαι contend,
am contended for,
βιάζομαι force,
am forced,
λυ_μαίνομαι maltreat,
am maltreated,
ὠνέομαι buy,
am bought.
b. Future Passive:
ἀπαρνέομαι deny,
ἀπαρνηθήσομαι, ἐργάζομαι work,
do,
ἐργασθήσομαι.
c. Aorist Passive: These verbs (
middle deponents,
810) have also an aorist middle; the aorist passive is used in a passive sense:
ἀγωνίζομαι contend,
αἰκίζομαι harass,
αἰνίττομαι speak darkly,
αἰτιάομαι accuse,
ἀκέομαι heal,
βιάζομαι force,
δέχομαι receive,
δωρέομαι present,
ἐργάζομαι work,
do,
ἡγέομαι lead,
θεάομαι behold,
ἰ_άομαι heal,
κτάομαι acquire,
λυ_μαίνομαι maltreat,
λωβάομαι abuse,
μι_μέομαι imitate,
ὀλοφύ_ρομαι lament,
προφασίζομαι feign an excuse,
χράομαι use,
ὠνέομαι buy.
ἀποκρί_νομαι has
ἀπεκρί_νατο answered,
ἀπεκρίθην usu. means
was separated.
d. Perfect and Pluperfect: These verbs use the perfect middle in the middle or the passive sense:
ἀγωνίζομαι contend,
αἰνίττομαι speak darkly,
αἰτιάομαι accuse,
ἀποκρί_νομαι answer,
ἀπολογέομαι make a defence,
βιάζομαι force,
ἐνθυ_μέομαι consider,
ἐργάζομαι work,
do,
εὔχομαι pray,
ἡγέομαι lead,
κτάομαι acquire,
λωβάομαι abuse,
μηχανάομαι devise,
μι_μέομαι imitate,
παρρησιάζομαι speak boldly,
πολι_τεύομαι act as (
discharge the duties of)
a citizen,
πρα_γματεύομαι am engaged in,
σκέπτομαι view,
χράομαι use,
ὠνέομαι buy.
[*] 814.
Active Verbs with Aorist Passive in a Middle Sense.—The aorist passive of some active verbs has a reflexive or middle sense, either sometimes or always. Thus
εὐφραίνω gladden,
ηὐφράνθην rejoiced,
κι_νέω move,
ἐκι_νήθην was moved or
moved myself,
φαίνω show,
ἐφάνην showed myself, appeared (
ἐφάνθην usually
was shown).
a. These verbs are often called middle passives.
b. The middle and the passive form of the future of such verbs is often found, the middle being frequently preferred.
[*] 815. Aorist Passive and Future Middle forms:
| αἰσχύ_νω disgrace, ᾐσχύνθην felt | ὀργίζω anger, ὠργίσθην became angry, |
| ashamed, αἰσχυνοῦμαι | ὀργιοῦμαι |
| ἀνιάω vex, ἠνιά_θην felt vexed, ἀνιά_σομαι | ὁρμάω incite, ὡρμήθην set out, ὁρμήσομαι |
| ἐπείγω urge, ἠπείχθην urged, ἐπείξομαι | πείθω persuade, ἐπείσθην obeyed, πείσο- |
| εὐφραίνω gladden, ηὐφράνθην rejoiced, | μαι |
| εὐφρανοῦμαι | πλανάω cause to wander, ἐπλανήθην |
| κι_νέω move, ἐκι_νήθην moved (bestirred） | wandered, πλανήσομαι |
| myself, κι_νήσομαι | πορεύω convey, ἐπορεύθην marched, πο- |
| κοιμάω put to sleep, ἐκοιμήθην lay down | ρεύσομαι |
| to sleep, κοιμήσομαι | φοβέω terrify, ἐφοβήθην was afraid, φο- |
| λυ_πέω vex, ἐλυ_πήθην grieved, λυ_πήσομαι | βήσομαι |
a. ἀνάγομαι set sail,
κατάγομαι land,
ὁπλίζομαι arm myself,
ὁρμίζομαι lie at anchor, generally have an aorist middle.
[*] 816. Aorist Passive and Future Passive forms:
| μιμνῄσκω remind, ἐμνήσθην remembered, | σφάλλω trip up, deceive, ἐσφάλην erred, |
| μνησθήσομαι | failed, σφαλήσομαι |
| στρέφω turn, ἐστράφην turned, στραφή- | τήκω cause to melt, ἐτάκην dissolved, |
| σομαι | languished, τακήσομαι |
[*] 817. Passive Aorist and Middle and Passive Future forms:
ἀπαλλάττω release,
ἀπηλλάγην departed,
ἀπαλλάξομαι, ἀπαλλαγήσομαι.
φαίνω show,
ἐφάνην appeared,
φανοῦμαι, φανήσομαι (
819).
[*] 818. Some verbs have a passive aorist rarely in a middle sense; with the middle aorist in a different meaning.
†
μίζω bring,
ἐκομίσθην betook myself,
ἐκομισάμην carried off.
ῴζω save,
ἐσώθην saved myself (
was saved),
ἐσωσάμην saved for myself.
ψεύδω deceive,
ἐψεύσθην deceived myself (
was deceived),
ἐψευσάμην lied.
[*] 819. In some verbs showing 1st and 2nd aorist, or 1st and 2nd perfect, the first tenses are generally transitive, the second tenses generally intransitive. The future active of these verbs is transitive. In some transitive verbs the perfect (usually the 2nd perf.) is intransitive.
ἄγνυ_μι: trans.
κατά_γνυ_μι break,
-έα_ξα; intrans.
κατά_γνυμαι break, 2 aor.
-εά_γην; 2 perf.
-έα_γα am broken.
βαίνω go: trans.
βήσω shall cause to go, 1 aor.
ἔβησα, Ion. and poet.; intrans. 2 aor.
ἔβην went, pf.
βέβηκα have gone, stand fast.
δύ_ω: trans.
cause to enter, sink,
put on,
δύ_σω, ἔδυ_σα, δέδυ^κα; intrans.
enter,
pass under,
δύ_ομαι, δύ_νω, 2 aor.
ἔδυ_ν dived,
went down,
δέδυ_κα have entered, gone down. In prose usually
καταδύ_ω make sink,
κατέδυ_σα, καταδύ_σω; καταδύ_ομαι sink,
καταδύ_σομαι, κατέδυ_ν.—Of
another's clothes,
ἐνδύ_ω (
ἐνέδυ_σα) means
put on,
ἀποδύ_ω ἐκδύ_ω (
ἀπέδυ_σα ἐξέδυ_σα) mean
take off; of
one's own clothes,
ἐνδύ_ομαι and
ἐνέδυ_ν mean
put on,
ἀποδύ_ομαι ἐκδύ_ομαι (
ἀπέδυ_ν ἐξέδυ_ν) mean
take off.
ἐγείρω: trans.
rouse,
wake up,
ἐγερῶ, ἤγειρα, etc.; intrans.
ἐγείρομαι wake,
am awake,
ἐγερθήσομαι, ἠγέρθην, 2 aor.
ἠγρόμην awoke, 2 perf.
ἐγρήγορα am awake.
ἵστημι set: trans.
στήσω shall set, 1 aor.
ἔστησα set,
ἐστάθην was set,
ἵσταμαι set for myself,
στήσομαι, ἐστησάμην. Four active tenses are intrans.: 2 aor.
ἔστην (set myself)
stood, pf.
ἕστηκα (have set myself)
stand,
am standing,
εἱστήκη stood,
was standing, 2 perf.
ἕστατον stand, fut. pf.
ἑστήξω shall stand. So also
ἵσταμαι set myself, stand,
στήσομαι.
N.—The same distinction prevails in the compounds:
ἀνίστημι raise up,
ἀνέστην stood up,
ἀφίστημι set off, cause to revolt,
ἀπέστην stood off, revolted,
ἀφέστηκα am distant, am in revolt; ἐφίστημι set over,
ἐπέστην set myself over,
ἐφέστηκα am set over; καθίστημι set down, establish,
κατέστην established myself,
became established,
καθέστηκα am established. The aorist middle has a different meaning:
κατεστήσατο established for himself; συνίστημι introduce,
unite,
συνέστημεν banded together.
λείπω leave: trans.
λείψω, ἔλιπον, λέλοιπα have left, have failed, am wanting.
λείπομαι mid. =
remain (
leave myself), pass. =
am left, am left behind, am inferior; 2 aor. mid.
ἐλιπόμην left for myself (in Hom.
was left, am inferior),
λείψομαι will leave for myself, will remain, be left.
μαίνω: trans.
madden,
ἐκμαίνω, -μανῶ, -έμηνα; intrans.
rage,
μαίνομαι, μανοῦμαι, ἐμάνην, 2 perf.
μέμηνα am raging.
ὄλλυ_μι: trans.
destroy (
perdo),
ἀπόλλυ_μι, -ολῶ, -ώλεσα, -ολώλεκα have ruined (
perdidi); intrans.
perish (
pereo),
ἀπόλλυμαι, -ολοῦμαι, 2 aor.
-ωλόμην, 2 perf.
-όλωλα am ruined (
perii).
πείθω: trans.
persuade,
πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα have persuaded,
ἐπείσθην, πεισθήσομαι; intrans. (
persuade myself)
obey,
believe,
πείθομαι, πείσομαι, ἐπείσθην, πέπεισμαι am convinced; 2 perf.
πέποιθα I trust ( =
πιστεύω) is rare in prose.
πήγνυ_μι: trans.
fix,
make fast,
πήξω, ἔπηξα, ἐπήχθην; intrans.
am fixed,
freeze,
πήγνυμαι, παγήσομαι, ἐπάγην, 2 perf.
πέπηγα am fixed, frozen.
πί_νω drink: 2 aor.
ἔπιον drank, 1 aor.
ἔπι_σα caused to drink.
πλήττω: trans.
terrify,
ἐκπλήττω, καταπλήττω, -έπληξα; intrans.
am affrighted,
ἐκπλήττομαι, -επλάγην.
πρά_ττω do: πέπρα_χα (probably late)
have done,
πέπρα_γα have fared (
well or
ill) and
have done.
ῥήγνυ_μι: trans.
break,
-ῥήξω, ἔρρηξα; intrans.
break,
burst,
ῥήγνυμαι, -ῥαγήσομαι, ἐρράγην, 2 perf.
ἔρρωγα am broken.
σβέννυ_μι: trans.
extinguish,
put out,
ἀποσβέννυ_μι, ἀπέσβεσα, ἀπεσβέσθην; intrans.
be extinguished, go out,
ἀποσβέννυμαι, ἀποσβήσομαι, ἀπέσβην went out,
ἀπέσβηκα am extinguished.
σήπω: trans.
make rot; intrans.
rot,
σήπομαι, ἐσάπην rotted, 2 perf.
σέσηπα am rotten.
τήκω: trans.
cause to melt; intrans.
melt,
τήκομαι, ἐτάκην, 2 perf.
τέτηκα am melted.
φαίνω: trans.
show,
φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφαγκα have shown,
πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην was shown,
made known; trans. also
show,
declare,
φαίνομαι, φανοῦμαι, ἐφηνάμην showed (rare and poetic in the simple form;
ἀπεφηνάμην declared is common); intrans.
show oneself, appear,
φαίνομαι, φανήσομαι and
φανοῦμαι, ἐφάνην appeared, 2 perf.
πέφηνα have shown myself, appeared. The middle means
show oneself, appear; the passive,
am shown, am made evident.
φανήσομαι means
shall appear or
shall be shown, and is not very different in sense from
φανοῦμαι (but see
1738,
1911).
φθείρω: trans.
destroy,
διαφθείρω, -φθερῶ, -έφθειρα, -έφθαρκα; intrans.
am ruined,
διαφθείρομαι, -εφθάρην, -φθαρήσομαι, 2 perf.
διέφθορα am ruined in Hom.,
have destroyed in Attic poetry.
φύ_ω: trans.
bring forth, produce,
φύ_σω, ἔφυ_σα; intrans.
am produced, come into being,
φύ_ομαι, φύ_σομαι, ἔφυ_ν, 2 perf.
πέφυ_κα am by nature.
[*] 820. Poetic forms:
ἀραρίσκω (
ἀρ-)
fit, 2 aor.
ἤραρον trans. and intrans.—
γείνομαι am born,
ἐγεινάμην begat.—
ἐρείκω rend, 2 aor.
ἤρικον trans.
rent and intrans.
shivered.—
ἐρείπω throw down,
ἤριπον trans.
threw down and intrans.
fell.—
ὄρνυ_μι rouse, 2 aor.
ὤρορον trans.
roused and intrans.
have risen.—
ἀναγιγνώσκω read,
ἀνέγνωσα persuaded in Hdt., 2 aor.
ἀνέγνων read,
recited.
[*] 821. The following are poetic intransitive second perfects:
ἄρα_ρα fit (
ἀραρίσκω fit, trans.).—
ἔολπα hope (Epic
ἔλπω cause to hope).—
κέκηδα sorrow (
κήδω trouble).—
ὄρωρα have arisen (
ὄρνυ_μι rouse).
