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[*] 158. Instrument, means, or cause. With the passive, the instrument, means, or cause is expressed by the dative or by a prepositional phrase, for which see Prepositions. Dative: “λίθῳ πεπληγμένος”, AR. Ach. 1218; Struck with a stone. “χρήμασι πεισθῆναι”, THUC.2.21.1. “λιμῷ διαφθαρῆναι”, THUC.3.57.3; To perish of (by, with) hunger. DEM.23.156: “ληφθήσεται . . . τῷ . . . λιμῷ”. 55.30: “μεγάλοις λίθοις ἀποικοδομηθέντος”. PLATO, Rpb. 469E: “οἷς ἂν” (sc. “λίθοις”) “βληθῶσι”. Tim. 38 E: “δεσμοῖς τε ἐμψύχοις . . . δεθέντα”. XEN. An. 2.3.1: “βασιλεὺς ἐξεπλάγη τῇ ἐφόδῳ”. THUC.1.126.8: “τρυχόμενοι τῇ προσεδρείᾳ”. 2.21.1 (see above). 3.57.3 (see above). 7.47.2: “νόσῳ . . . ἐπιέζοντο” , They were pinched with sickness. HDT.1.34: “αἰχμῇ σιδηρέῃ βληθέντα”. 1.41: “συμφορῇ πεπληγμένον”. AR. Ach. 1218 (see above). Nub. 24: “εἴθ᾽ ἐξεκόπην πρότερον τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν λίθῳ” . Vesp. 1296: “ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἀπόλωλα στιζόμενος βακτηρίᾳ”. AESCHYL. P.V. 237: “πημοναῖσι κάμπτομαι”, I am bowed with thrills of anguish. Sept. 607: “πληγ̔εὶς θεοῦ μάστιγι”, Smitten with god's scourge. PIND. P. 3.48: “πολιῶ γαλκῶ μέλη τετρωμένοι”. HOM. Od. 10.532: “ἐσφαγμένα νηλέι χαλκῷ”. Il. 8.455: “πληγέντε κεραυνῷ”.
Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to Demosthenes. Basil L. Gildersleeve. New York. American Book Company. 1900.
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