Basil L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek

Omission of parts of the simple sentence

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Omission of the subject

[*] 68. Personal pronoun expressed.

The personal pronoun of the first and second person is not expressed unless it is emphatic, as, for example, in contrasts.

“τί μᾶλλον ἐμοῦ σὺ κατηγορεῖς ἢ ᾿γὼ σοῦ”; DEM.18.196; Why do you accuse me rather than I you? “οὗτος μὲν γὰρ ὕδωρ, ἐγὼ δ᾽ οἶνον πίνω”, DEM.19.46; This fellow (drinks) water, I drink wine.

DEM.18.196(see above). 19.46 (id.). 21.28: “ἐγὼ . . . ὑμεῖς” (see 88).

LYS.1.26: “οὐκ ἐγώ σε ἀποκτενῶ ἀλλ᾽ ὁ τῆς πόλεως νόμος” , (It is) not I that am about to kill thee, but the law of the state. (Cf. AR. Eccl. 1055-6, cited below).

PLATO, Conv. 172B: “σὺ οὖν μοι διήγησαι”. Protag. 335 D (see 62).

XEN. An. 1.3.6: “ἀλλὰ ἐπεὶ ὑμεῖς ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἐθέλετε πείθεσθαι, οὐδὲ ἕπεσθαι, ἐγὼ σὺν ὑμῖν ἕψομαι” .

THUC.6.14: “καὶ σύ, ὦ πρύτανι, ταῦτα . . . ἐπιψήφιζε” .

HDT.6.1: “τοῦτο τὸ ὑπόδημα ἔρραψας μὲν σύ, ὑπεδήσατο δὲ Ἀρισταγόρης”. 7.11: “εἰ ἡμεῖς ἡσυχίην ἄξομεν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐκεῖνοι”.

AR. Vesp. 1426: “σὺ λέγε” .

“ ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐγώ
ἀλλ᾽ ὁ νόμος ἕλκει σε
”

Eccl.1055-6:

.

EUR. Hec. 609-10: “σὺ δ᾽ αὖ λαβοῦσα τεῦχος, ἀρχαία λάτρι”, | . . . “ἔνεγκε δεῦρο”.

SOPH. Antig. 508: “σὺ τοῦτο μούνη τῶνδε Καδμείων ὁρᾷς”.

“πινδ. ἐγώ” 27 times, “σύ” and “τύ” together 10 times.

SOLON, fr. 2: “εἴην δὴ τότ᾽ ἐγὼ Φολεγάνδριος ἢ Σικινήτης”.

HOM. Od. 1.303-5: “αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν κατελεύσομαι ἤδη . . . σοὶ δ᾽ αὐτῷ μελέτω” .

Il. 1.76: “τοιγὰρ ἐγὼν ἐρέω, σὺ δὲ σύνθεο”. 2.485-6: “ὑμεῖς . . . πάρεστέ τε, ἴστε τε πάντα”, | “ἡμεῖς δὲ κλέος οἶον ἀκούομεν, οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν”.

[*] 69. Unemphatic e)gw/ and su/.

The emphasis of the first and second persons is not to be insisted on too much in poetry or in familiar prose. Notice the frequency of “ἐγᾦδα, ἐγᾦμαι”. Noteworthy also is the return of “ἐγώ” in AESCHIN.3.

[*] 70. Omission of the subject of the third person.

The personal pronoun of the third person has no nominative. Hence, the unemphatic subject of the third person is omitted when it can be readily supplied from the context.

[*] 71. Subject omitted even when there is a sudden change of subjects.

So free is the Greek in its omission of the subject that there is often a sudden change of subject without further warning.

“ἡ γυνὴ ἀπῄει . . . ὡς τὸ παιδίον, ἵνα τὸν τιτθὸν αὐτῷ διδῷ ῾σξ. “ἡ γυνή”） καὶ μὴ βοᾷ” (sc. “τὸ παιδίον”), LYS.1.10.

ANTIPHON, 1.26: “πῶς οὖν ταύτην ἐλεεῖν ῾σξ. “τινά”） ἄξιόν ἐστιν ἢ αἰδοῦς τυγχάνειν ῾σξ. “ταύτην”） παρ᾽ ὑμῶν ἢ ἄλλου του;”

XEN. An. 1.2.26: “ἡ γυνὴ αὐτὸν ἔπεισε καὶ πίστεις ἔλαβε” (sc. “Συέννεσις”).

THUC.2.3.4: “ἐχώρουν” (sc. “οἱ Πλαταιῆς”) . . . “ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς” (sc. “τοὺς Θηβαίους”), “ὅπως μὴ κατὰ φῶς θαρσαλεωτέροις οὖσι προσφέρωνται” (sc. “οἱ Πλαταιῆς”) “καὶ σφίσιν ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου γίγνωνται” (sc. “οἱ Θηβαῖοι”). 3.62.5: “ἐπειδὴ γοῦν ὅ τε Μῆδος ἀπῆλθε καὶ τοὺς νόμους ἔλαβε” (sc. “ἡ πόλις”). 8.102.1: “ὡς αὐτοῖς οἵ τε φρυκτωροὶ ἐσήμαινον καὶ ᾐσθάνοντο” (sc. “οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι”) “τὰ πυρὰ ἐξαίφνης πολλὰ . . . φανέντα”.

SOPH. Ai. 549. Tr. 362-3 (where see Jebb).

“ ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντέφλεξε Μήνα,
καὶ μεγάλων ἀέθλων ἁγνὰν κρίσιν . . .
θῆκε
”

PIND. O. 3.20-2:

(sc. “Ἡρακλῆς”). 9.45-6. P. 4.23-5. So elsewhere.

HES. fr. 5 Rz.: “οὐδέ οἱ ὕπνος” | “πῖπτεν ἐπὶ βλεφάροις, φυλακὴν δ᾽ ἔχεν” (sc. “Ἄργος”) “ἔμπεδον αἰεί”.

HOM. Il. 23.704-6: “ἀνδρὶ δὲ νικηθέντι γυναῖκ᾽ ἐς μέσσον ἔθηκεν” (sc. “Πηλεΐδης”), | “πολλὰ δ᾽ ἐπίστατο” (sc. “ἡ γυνή”） “ἔργα, τίον” (sc. “Ἀχαιοί”) “δέ ἑ τεσσαράβοιον”. | “στῆ δ᾽ ὀρθὸς καὶ μῦθον ἐν Ἀργεΐοισιν ἔειπεν” (sc. “Πηλεΐδης”).¹

[*] 72. Subject contained in the verb.

The subject is sometimes omitted in the third person, when it may be involved in the verb as the definite function of a definite character. “ἐκήρυξεν”, he proclaimed (“ὁ κῆρυξ”), etc. In a suit at law, the clerk is often addressed without any further note. In dramatic passages, a servant is often supposed to be at hand.

“ἀναγνώτω” (sc. “ὁ γραμματεύς”), DEM. [44]. 45; Let (the clerk) read. “ἐπεὶ ἐσάλπιγξε ῾σξ. “ὁ σαλπιγκτής”᾿, προβαλλόμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἐπῇσαν,” XEN. An. 1.2.17 ; When the trumpet sounded, etc.

DEM. [44]DEM., 45(see above).

LYS.19.27: “ἃ δὲ κατέλιπεν ῾σξ. “ὁ Ἀριστοφάνης”）,ἀναγνώσεται ῾σξ. “ὁ γραμματεύς”） ὑμῖν” . Ibid. 57.

XEN. An. 1.2.17 (see above). 2.2.4: “ἐπειδὰν . . . σημήνῃ” . 3.4.4: “ἐσήμηνε” . Ibid. 36: “ἐκήρυξε” . 5.2.12: “ὁπόταν σημήνῃ” (twice). 6.5.25: “ἕως σημαίνοι” . Conv. 5.2: “μόνον, ἔφη, τὸν λαμπτῆρα ἐγγὺς προσενεγκάτω” . Cyr. 2.2.2: “ἤρξατο” (sc. “ὁ ἄρταμος”). 4.5.42: “κηρυξάτω” .

THUC.3.21.3: “ὥστε πάροδον μὴ εἶναι, ἀλλὰ δἰ αὐτῶν μέσων διῇσαν” (sc. “οἱ διιόντες”) = those who had to go through = “οἱ φύλακες”.

HDT.2.47: “ἐπεὰν θύσῃ”. 2.70: “ἐπεὰν . . . δελεάσῃ”.

COM. 3.502: “τὴν τράπεζαν ἧκ᾽ ἔχων” (sc. “ὁ δοῦλος”).

PIND. P. 1.48: “ἁνίχ᾽ εὑρίσκοντο θεῶν παλάμαις τιμάν”, Hiero cum fratribus.

THEOGN. 473: “οἰνοχοείτω”.

HOM. Od. 4.214: “χευάντων” (sc. “θεράποντες”). 21.142: “οἰνοχοεύει” (sc. “ὁ οἰνοχόος”).

Il. 18.492-3: “νύμφας” . . . | “ἠγίνευν” (sc. “νυμφαγωγοί”).

[*] 73. qei=a r(h/mata.

Not essentially different from this use is the use of the so-called “θεῖα ῥήματα”, in which the name of the divine agent is omitted, such as “ὕει” (sc. “ὁ ὕων”=“Ζεύς”), he rains (the rainer =Zeus). So “βροντᾷ”, he thunders; “νίφει”, he snows; “σείει”, he shakes (Poseidon).

LYS. fr. 75.4 (Sch.): “ἤδη συσκοτάζοντος” .

THUC.1.51.2: “ξυνεσκόταζε γὰρ ἤδη”. 4.52.1: “καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μηνὸς ἱσταμένου ἔσεισε” .

HDT.2.22: “ὗσαι . . . ἐχιόνιζε” (twice). 4.28: “τὴν μὲν ὡραίην οὐκ ὕει λόγου ἄξιον οὐδέν, τὸ δὲ θέρος ὕων οὐκ ἀνίει” (note the masc. ptc. “ὕων”).

AR. Ach. 1141: “ϝίφει” . fr. 2.963.13: “καὶ ξυννένοφε καὶ χειμέρια βροντᾷ μάλ᾽ εὖ” .

COM. 2.851.2: “νιφέτω μὲν ἀλφίτοις”, | “ψακαζέτω δ᾽ ἄρτοισιν, ὑέτω δ᾽ ἔτνει”.

No example. See 74.

[*] 74. Divine agent expressed.

In Homer the divine agent is always expressed, as it often is in poetry, and even in prose that aims at reproducing the language of the people. That the notion of god is never abandoned is shown by the use of the genitive absolute, and not the accusative absolute. “ὕοντος”, when it is raining. See Participial Accusative.

XEN. Oec. 8.16: “ὅταν χειμάζῃ ὁ θεὸς ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ” . Ibid. 20.11: “ὕδωρ μὲν ὁ ἄνω θεὸς παρέχει” . Ven. 8.1: “ὅταν νίφῃ ὁ θεός” .

HDT.3.117: “τὸν μὲν γὰρ χειμῶνα ὕει σφι ὁ θεός”. So elsewhere.

AR. Ach. 510-11: “καὐτοῖς ὁ Ποσειδῶν ... σείσας . . . ἐμβάλοι τὰς οἰκίας” . Nub. 368: “τίς ὕει;” Av. 570: “βροντάτω νῦν ὁ μέγας Ζάν” . Lys. 1142: “χὠ θεὸς σείων ἅμα” . So elsewhere.

SOPH. O. C. 1606: “κτύπησε μὲν Ζεὺς χθόνιος” .

PIND. O. 7.49-50: “ὁ μὲν” (sc. “Ζεύς”) . . . | “πολὺν ὗσε χρυσόν”. I. 6 (7), 5.

ALCAE. fr. 34: “ὔει μὲν ὀ Ζεύς”.

HOM. Od. 14.305: “Ζεὺς δ᾽ ἄμυδις βρόντησε”.

Il. 9.236-7: “Ζεὺς δέ σφι Κρονίδης ἐνδέξια σήματα φαίνων” | “ἀστράπτει”. 12.25: “ὗε δ᾽ ἄρα Ζεύς”. 12.279-80: “ὅτε τ᾽ ὤρετο μητίετα Ζεὺς” | “νιφέμεν”.²

[*] 75. In the genitive absolute:

LYS. fr. 75.4 (Sch.): “ἤδη συσκοτάζοντος”.

XEN. Hell. 1.1.16: “ὕοντος πολλῷ” .

“ ἐὰν δὲ νίφῃ, πρὸς τὸ πῦρ καθήμενος ῾σξ. “ἡλιάσει”）,
ὕοντος, εἴσει
”

AR. Vesp. 773-4:

.³

[*] 76. Impersonal verbs.

The same principle lies at the basis of all so-called impersonal verbs. Sometimes the subject is contained in the predicate, as when the passive is used impersonally, or when the infinitive is used without a subject.

“ἐμοὶ . . . δεδιήγηται”, ANTIPHON, 1.31; My tale has been told.

ANTIPHON, 1.31: “ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν δεδιήγηται καὶ βεβοήθηται τῷ <τε> τεθνεῶτι καὶ τῷ νόμῳ”. 5.75: “ὅμως δ᾽ οὖν κεκινδυνεύσεται”.

PLATO, Rpb. 457E. “εὖ μάλ᾽ ἂν ἀμφισβητηθείη” (cf. ibid. D: “ἀμφισβήτησιν γενέσθαι”).

XEN. Hell. 1.3.20: “ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύαστο” . Mem. 1.7.2: “ἆρ᾽ οὐ τὰ ἔξω τῆς τέχνης μιμητέον τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς αὐλητάς; . . . καὶ τούτῳ ταῦτα ποιητέον . . . καὶ τούτῳ πολλοὺς ἐπαινέτας παρασκευαστέον” .

THUC.1.46.1: “οἱ δὲ Κορίνθιοι, ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύαστο, ἔπλεον ἐπὶ τὴν Κέρκυραν”. 1.91.1: “τειχίζεταί τε καὶ ἤδη ὕψος λαμβάνει” (sc. “τὸ τεῖχος”). 7.25.9: “ὡς . . . διαπεπολεμησόμενον” . Cf. 7.77.3: “ἱκανὰ γὰρ τοῖς τε πολεμίοις ηὐτύχηται” .

Thesm. 1227: “ἀλλὰ πέπαισται μετρίως ἡμῖν”. Ran. 376: “ἠρίστηται δ᾽ ἐξαρκούντως”.

HOM. Od. 9.143: “οὐδὲ προυφαίνετ᾽ ἰδέσθαι”. 19.312: “ἀλλά μοι ὧδ᾽ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ὀΐεται, ὡς ἔσεταί περ”.

Il. 22.319: “ὣς αἰχμῆς ἀπέλαμπ᾽ εὐήκεος”.

For additional examples of the impersonal passive, see 176.

For the impersonal neuter plural in -“τέα”, see exx. under 37.

[*] 77. Often the subject is practically an infinitive or a sentence. So in the case of such verbs as “δεῖ, δοκεῖ, εἰσέρχεταί” (“εἰσῄει”, “εἰσῆλθέ”) “με, ἐνδέχεται, ἔξεστιν, ἔστιν, ἔχει λόγον, οὐκ ἔστιν, παρέχει, πρέπει, προσήκει, συμφέρει, φαίνεται, χρή”, etc.

“ἅπαντα γὰρ δεῖ τἀληθῆ λέγειν,” LYS. 3.10 ; It is necessary to tell all the truth, The whole truth must be told.

DEM.19.204: “οὔτε γὰρ ὡς συμφέρει Φωκέας ἀπολωλέναι . . . ἔνεστιν λέγειν αὐτῷ”.

LYS. 3.10: “ἔδοξέ μοι κράτιστον εἶναι ἀποδημῆσαι ἐκ τῆς πόλεως” .

THUC.1.120.1: “χρὴ γὰρ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας . . . τὰ κοινὰ προσκοπεῖν”. 1.120.3: “εὖ δὲ παρασχόν, ἐκ πολέμου πάλιν ξυμβῆναι” (sc. “ἀνδρῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐστιν”).

HDT.3.71: “ἐπείτε δὲ ἐς Δαρεῖον ἀπίκετο γνώμην ἀποφαίνεσθαι”. 3.142: “καί μοι παρέχει νῦν ὑμέων ἄρχειν”. 6.27: “φιλέεει δέ κως προσημαίνειν, εὖτ᾽ ἂν μέλλῃ μεγάλα κακὰ ἢ πόλι ἢ ἔθνεϊ ἔσεσθαι”, but just below: “ταῦτα μέν σφι σημήια ὁ θεὸς προέδεξε”. 9.68: “δηλοῖ τέ μοι ὅτι πάντα τὰ πρήγματα τῶν βαρβάρων ἤρτητο ἐκ Περσέων”.

EUR. H. F. 302-3: “ἤδη δ᾽ ἐσῆλθέ μ᾽ εἰ παραιτησαίμεθα” | “φυγὰς τέκνων τῶνδ”（“ε”).

HOM. Od. 1.296-7: “οὐδ᾽ ἔτι σε χρὴ” | “νηπιέας ὀχέειν”. Cf. 3.14: “Τηλέμαχ̓, οὐ μέν σε χρὴ ἔτ᾽ αἰδόος”. 8. 146: “ἔοικε δέ σ᾽ ἴδμεν ἀέθλους”.

Il. 2.24: “οὐ χρὴ παννύχιον εὕδειν βουληφόρον ἄνδρα”. 9.337-8: “τί δὲ δεῖ⁴πολεμιζέμεναι Τρώεσσιν Ἀργεΐους;”

For other examples, see 37, and on the infinitive, see Index.

78. Sometimes an indefinite subject is to be supplied from the context. This is very easy in the dependencies of the infinitive, as that form always involves an indefinite accusative subject.

ISAE. 2.13: “[ὁ νόμος] κελεύει τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ἐξεῖναι διαθέσθαι ὅπως ἂν ἐθέλῃ”. So elsewhere.

ANTIPHON, 5.91: “ἐν μὲν γὰρ ἀκεστῷ πράγματι καὶ ὀργῇ χρησαμένους καὶ διαβολῇ πιθομένους ἔλασσον ἔστιν ἐξαμαρτεῖν: μεταγνοὺς γὰρ ἔτι ἂν ὀρθῶς βουλεύσαιτο” (sc. “ὁ . . . χρησάμενος κτἑ”).

PLATO, Men. 97A: “οὐκ ἔστιν ὀρθῶς ἡγεῖσθαι, ἐὰν μὴ φρόνιμος ᾖ”. So elsewhere. Cf. Rpb. 347 C: “τῆς δὲ ζημίας μεγίστη τὸ ὑπὸ πονηροτέρου ἄρχεσθαι, ἐὰν μὴ αὐτὸς ἐθέλῃ ἄρχειν”.

HDT.1.195: “ἐσθῆτι δὲ τοιῇδε χρέωνται, κιθῶνι ποδηνεκέι λινέῳ, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦτον ἄλλον εἰρίνεον κιθῶνα ἐπενδύνει” (sc. “ὁ χρεώμενος”). 1.216: “οὖρος δὲ ἡλικίης σφι προκέεται ἄλλος μὲν οὐδείς: ἐπεὰν δὲ γέρων γένηται κάρτα κτἑ”. 2.38: “δοκιμάζουσι . . . ἢν . . . ἴδηται” (sc. “ὁ δοκιμάζων”). 2.65: “εὐχόμενοι . . . ἱστᾶσι . . . διδοῖ” (sc. “ὁ εὐχόμενος”).

EUR. Or. 428: “μισούμεθ᾽ οὕτως ὥστε μὴ προσεννέπειν” (sc. “τινά”).

HOM. Od. 5.400: “ὅσσον” (“ὅσον”) “τε γέγωνε βοήσας”(?). 6.294: id. 9.473: id. 12.181: id.

Il. 13.287: “οὐδέ κεν ἔνθα τεόν γε μένος καὶ χεῖρας ὄνοιτο”, a fault-finder. 22.199: “ὡς” (= as) “δ᾽ ἐν ὀνείρῳ οὐ δύναται φεύγοντα διώκειν”, a dreamer.

[*] 79. Other ellipses of Time, Circumstances, and the like coincide with the English.

“τῆς δ᾽ ὥρας ἐγίγνετ᾽ ὀψέ,” DEM. 21.84 ; It was getting late. “ἦν πρὸς ἡμέραν,” LYS. 1.14 ; It was drawing on towards day.

PLATO, Conv. 217D: “σκηπτόμενος ὅτι ὀψὲ εἴη”.

XEN. An. 1.8.1: “ἤδη τε ἦν ἀμφὶ ἀγορὰν πλήθουσαν” . Ap. 23: “ἔνθα οὐ προσβατὸν θανάτῳ” . Hell. 1.6.20: “ἐπεὶ σκότος εἴη, ἐξεβίβαζεν . . . ἐπειδὴ ἤδη μέσον ἡμέρας ἦν” .

THUC.1.109.3: “ὡς δὲ αὐτῷ οὐ προυχώρει”, matters. 2.56.1: “ἐπειδὴ ἑτοῖμα ἦν” , things. 2.56.4: “ἐς ἐλπίδα μὲν ἦλθον τοῦ ἑλεῖν, οὐ μέντοι προεχώρησέ γε” . 4.93.1: “ἤδη γὰρ καὶ τῆς ἡμέρας ὀψὲ ἦν” . 7.84.4: “ἐς τὰ ἐπὶ θάτερά τε τοῦ ποταμοῦ παραστάντες οἱ Συρακόσιοι” (“ἦν δὲ κρημνῶδες” [sc. “τὸ χωρίον”]).

HDT.3.82: “ἐκ δὲ τοῦ φόνου ἀπέβη ἐς μουναρχίην”.

HOM. Il. 22.410: “τῷ δὲ μάλιστ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔην” (the situation) “ἐναλίγκιον, ὡς εἰ κτἑ”.

See also exx. under 37.

[*] 80. One.

One may be expressed by “τις”, or, chiefly in phrases, by the Ideal second person, an imaginary you.

“τις”:

DEM.1.21: “φήσειέ τις ἄν”. 3.10: “εἴποι τις ἄν”, and so elsewhere. 4.25: “εἰ γὰρ ἔροιτό τις ὑμᾶς”. 18.252: “πανταχόθεν μὲν τοίνυν ἄν τις ἴδοι”.

PLATO, Legg. 905C. PLAT. Soph. 220D: “ἢ τί τις ἄν, Θεαίτητε, εἴποι κάλλιον”; and so elsewhere.

XEN. An. 1.9.3: “καταμάθοι ἄν τις” , and elsewhere.

THUC.1.6.6: “πολλὰ δ᾽ ἂν καὶ ἄλλα τις ἀποδείξειε κτἑ.”, and elsewhere.

HDT.1.32: “ἐν γὰρ τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ πολλὰ μέν ἐστι ἰδεῖν τὰ μή τις ἐθέλει”.

AR. Pax, 833: “ἀστέρες γιγνόμεθ᾽, ὅταν τις ἀποθάνῃ” .

“ θεοὶ γὰρ εὖ μέν, ὀψὲ δ᾽ εἰσορῶσ᾽, ὅταν
τὰ θεἶ ἀφεἰς τις εἰς τὸ μαίνεσθαι τραπῇ
”

SOPH. O. C. 1536-7:

. Ph. 505: “χὤταν τις εὖ ζῇ” , and so often.

HOM. Od. 4.535 = 11.411: “ὥς τίς τε κατέκτανε βοῦν ἐπὶ φάτνῃ”.

Il. 3.33: “ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε τίς τε δράκοντα ἰδὼν παλίνορσος ἀπέστη”, and so elsewhere.

[*] 81. Ideal Second Person:

PLATO. Protag. 347 D: “ὅπου δὲ καλοὶ κἀγαθοὶ συμπόται καὶ πεπαιδευμένοι εἰσίν, οὐκ ἂν ἴδοις οὔτ᾽ αὐλητρίδας οὔτε κτἑ.” (?).

XEN. Cyr. 8.1.33: “ἐπέγνως δ᾽ ἂν ἐκεῖ οὐδένα οὔτε ὀργιζόμενον κραυγῇ οὔτε χαίροντα ὑβριστικῶς γέλωτι, ἀλλὰ ἰδὼν ἂν αὐτοὺς ἡγήσω τῷ ὄντι εἰς κάλλος ζῆν” . Ibid. 8.3.42: “ὄψει” (?). Ibid. 8.3.43: “οὐδένα ἂν ἴδοις” (?). Hell. 6.4.16: “ὧν δὲ ζῶντες ἠγγελμένοι ἦσαν ῾σξ. “οἱ προσήκοντες”）ὀλίγους ἂν εἶδες” .

HDT.2.29: “σχοῖνοι δὲ δυώδεκά εἰσι οὗτοι τοὺς δεῖ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ διεκπλῶσαι” (which one must . . .). “καὶ ἔπειτα ἀπίξεαι ἐς” (and then you will reach) “πεδίον λεῖον . . . ἥξεις . . . ποιήσεαι . . . πλεύσεαι . . . ἥξεις”. 2.30: “ἐν ἴσῳ χρόνῳ ἄλλῳ ἥξεις . . . ἐν ὅσῳ . . . ἦλθες”. 4.28: “ὕδωρ ἐκχέας πηλὸν οὐ ποιήσεις, πῦρ δὲ ἀνακαίων ποιήσεις πηλόν”.

EUR. H. F. 1196: “οὐκ ἂν εἰδείης” (?).

SOPH. O. C. 431: “εἴποις ἄν” (?).

PIND. P. 10.29: “ναυσὶ δ᾽ οὔτε πεζὸς ἰὼν ἂν εὕροις”.

HOM. Od. 3.124: “οὐδέ κε φαίης”.

Il. 4.223: “ἔνθ᾽ οὐκ ἂν βρίζοντα ἴδοις Ἀγαμέμνονα δῖον”. 4.429: “οὐδέ κε φαίης”. 5.85: “οὐκ ἂν γνοίης”. 15.697: “φαίης κ”（“ε”).

[*] 82. Indefinite subject of the third person plural omitted.

In the third person plural, the indefinite subject may be omitted, chiefly in verbs of saying and thinking.

“ὥς φασι”, DEM.4.9; As they say, and so elsewhere.

DEM.4.9(see above). 19.193: “εἰπεῖν δή φασι τὸν Σάτυρον, ὅτι κτἑ.” 19.194: “εἰπεῖν φασιν αὐτόν”.

PLATO, Legg. 803D: “οἴονται . . . ἡγοῦνται”(?) Rpb. 428 B: “οὐ γάρ που ἀμαθίᾳ γε ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιστήμῃ εὖ βουλεύονται”.

XEN. An. 1.9.5: “ἔκρινον δ᾽ αὐτόν” .

THUC.7.69.2: “ὅπερ πάσχουσιν ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις ἀγῶσι”.

HDT.2.106: “τῇ τε ἐκ τῆς Ἐφεσίης ἐς Φώκαιαν ἔρχονται καὶ τῇ ἐκ Σαρδίων ἐς Σμύρνην”.

AR. Pax, 832: “ἃ λέγουσι” .

SOPH. Ph. 335: “ὡς λέγουσιν”.

PIND. O. 2.31: “λέγοντι”. P. 1.52 and P. 2.21: “φαντί”.

HOM. Od. 1.220: “τοῦ μ᾽ ἔκ φασι γενέσθαι” .

Il. 4.375: “πέρι δ᾽ ἄλλων φασὶ γενέσθαι”. 18.487: “καλέουσιν”.

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Omission of the copula.

[*] 83. The forms “ἐστί” and “εἰσί” of the copula are omitted in saws and proverbs, in short statements and questions, rapid transitions, abstract expressions. So regularly with -“τέον, ἀνάγκη, ὥρα”, and the like. Other forms than “ἐστί” or “εἰσί” more rarely. Cf. also 9.

“βραχὺς ὁ ἔλεγχος” (sc. “ἐστίν”), LYCURG.33; Brief is the proof.

[*] 84. e)sti/ and ei)si/:

LYCURG.33: “ἁπλοῦν τὸ δίκαιον, ῥᾴδιον τὸ ἀληθές, βραχὺς ὁ ἔλεγχος”.

DEM.18.242: “πονηρὸν . . . πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης”.

ANTIPHON, 5.7: “ἡ μὲν οὖν αἴτησις ὦ ἄνδρες καὶ νομίμως καὶ ὁσίως ἔχουσα” (sc. “ἐστίν”).

PLATO, Euthyd. 304B: “τὸ γὰρ σπάνιον, ὦ Εὐθ., τίμιον: τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ εὐωνότατον”. Euthyphr. 15 E: “καί μοι ὥρα ἀπιέναι”. Gorg. 507 A: “ἀνάγκη ταῦτ᾽ εἶναι οὕτως”. Phaedr. 245 C: “ἀρχὴ δὲ ἀποδείξεως ἥδε. ψυχὴ πᾶσα ἀθάνατος. τὸ γὰρ ἀεικίνητον ἀθάνατον”. Theaet. 144 D (twice). 145 A: “σκεπτέον”.

XEN. Ven. 1.1: “τὸ μὲν εὕρημα θεῶν . . . ἄγραι καὶ κύνες” .

THUC.1.32.5: “ἀνάγκη” (sc. “ἐστίν”) . . . “ξυγγνώμη” (sc. “ἐστίν”). 3.82.2. 7.77.7: “ἄνδρες γὰρ πόλις, καὶ οὐ τείχη οὐδὲ νῆες ἀνδρῶν κεναί” .

HDT.6.129: “οὐ φροντὶς Ἱπποκλείδῃ”.

AR. Ach. 8: “ἄξιον γὰρ Ἑλλάδι” . Id. 40: “ἀλλ᾽ οἱ πρυτάνεις γὰρ οὑτοιὶ μεσημβρινοί” (sc. “εἰσίν”). Id. 41: “τοῦτ᾽ ἐκεῖν᾽ οὑγὼ 'λεγον” . Nub. 2-3. Id. 207: “αἵδε μὲν Ἀθῆναι” (sc. “εἰσίν”). Ran. 658: “βαδιστέον” .

EUR. Hel. 276: “τὰ βαρβάρων γὰρ δοῦλα πάντα πλὴν ἑνός”. Hipp. 436: “αἱ δεύτεραί πως φροντίδες σοφώτεραι”, Sober second thought somehow is best. I. A. 334. fr. 234 N2, etc.

SOPH. O. T. 84. 110-11 (36), etc., etc.

AESCHYL. Suppl. 998: “τέρειν᾽ ὀπώρα δ᾽ εὐφύλακτος οὐδαμῶς”.

PIND. O. 1.34-5: “ἁμέραι δ᾽ ἐπίλοιποι” | “μάρτυρες σοφώτατοι” (sc. “εἰσίν”). Ibid. 6.9-11. N. 6.1-2: “ἓν ἀνδρῶν”, | “ἓν θεῶν γένος”. Pindar seldom uses the copula.

O. et D. 311: “ἔργον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ὄνειδος, ἀεργίη δέ τ᾽ ὄνειδος”. Ibid. 346: “πῆμα κακὸς γείτων”. (Common).

HOM. Od. 11.379: “ὥρη μὲν πολέων μύθων, ὥρη δὲ καὶ ὕπνου”. Ibid. [456], and elsewhere.

Il. 1.80. 177, etc., etc.

[*] 85. Other forms of the copula:

DEM.4.18: “εἰδὼς εὐτρεπεῖς ὑμᾶς” (sc. “ὄντας”). 4.29: “ἐγὼ πλέων ἐθελοντὴς πάσχειν ὁτιοῦν ἕτοιμος” (sc. “εἰμί”), “ἐὰν μὴ ταῦθ᾽ οὕτως ἔχῃ”. 18.277: “καίτοι ἔγωγ᾽ ὁρῶ τῆς τῶν λεγόντων δυνάμεως τοὺς ἀκούοντας τὸ πλεῖστον κυρίους” (sc. “ὄντας”). 19.250: “εἶτ᾽ οὐ σὺ σοφιστής” (sc. “εἶ”); “καὶ πονηρός γε” (sc. “εἶ”). “οὐ σὺ λογογράφος” (sc. “εἷ”); “καὶ θεοῖς ἐχθρός γε” (sc. “εἶ”).

ANTIPHON, 1.4: “ὑμεῖς γάρ μοι ἀναγκαῖοι” (sc. “ἐστέ”).

PLATO, Rpb. 499D: “περὶ τούτου ἕτοιμοι” (sc. “ἐσμέν”) “τῷ λόγῳ διαμάχεσθαι, ὡς κτἑ”. Theaet. 143 D: “σοὶ δὴ οὐκ ὀλίγιστοι πλησιάζουσι, καὶ δικαίως: ἄξιος γὰρ” (sc. “εἶ”) “τά τε ἄλλα καὶ γεωμετρίας ἕνεκα”. Ibid. 146 B: “ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ ἀήθης τῆς τοιαύτης διαλέκτου” (sc. “εἰμί”), I'm unfamiliar with this style of talk.

THUC.1.23.2: “οὔτε φυγαὶ τοσαίδε ἀνθρώπων καὶ φόνος” (sc. “ἐγένοντο”).

SOPH. O. T. 91-2: “εἰ τῶνδε χρῄζεις πλησιαζόντων κλύειν”, | “ἕτοιμος” (sc. “εἰμί”） “εἰπεῖν, εἴτε καὶ στείχειν ἔσω”.

HOM. Od. 4.206 = 18.126: “τοίου γὰρ καὶ πατρός” (sc. “ἐσσί”).

Il. 9.225: “χαῖῤ, Ἀχιλεῦ: δαιτὸς μὲν ἐίσης οὐκ ἐπιδευεῖς” (sc. “εἰμέν”). 20.434: “οἶδα δ᾽ ὅτι σὺ μὲν ἐσθλός” (sc. “ἐσσί”), “ἐγὼ δὲ σέθεν πολὺ χείρων” (sc. “εἰμί”). 21.482: “χαλεπή τοι ἐγὼ” (sc. “εἰμί”) “μένος ἀντιφέρεσθαι”, and so elsewhere.

[*] 86. In Dependent Clauses:

“ἀκούετ᾽ ὦ ἄ. Ἀ. τῆς ἐπιστολῆς, ὡς καλὴ καὶ φιλάνθρωπος” (sc. “ἐστίν”), DEM. 19.39.

DEM.4.29: “πόθεν οὖν ὁ πόρος τῶν χρημάτων” (sc. “ἔσται”), . . ., “τοῦτ᾽ ἤδη λέξω”. 8.6 (rel. sent.). 9.16: “εἰ μὲν γὰρ μικρὰ ταῦτα . . . ἄλλος ἂν εἴη λόγος”. 20.55: “ἐσμέν” in rel. cl.

LYS.18.11: “ἀλλ᾽ οἷς μάλιστα προσῆκον” (sc. “ἦν”).

ANT. 5.32: “ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἂν” . . . (sc. “ᾖ”).

PLATO, Rpb. 371A: “ὧν ἂν αὐτοῖς χρεία” (sc. “ᾖ”).

XEN. Apol. 23: “ἔνθα οὐ προσβατὸν ῾σξ. “εἴη”） θανάτῳ” .

THUC.1.32.5: “ἐπειδὴ δὲ . . . μέγας ὁ κίνδυνος” (sc. “ἐστίν”). 2.53.3: “ὅ τι δὲ ἤδη τε ἡδύ” (sc. “ἦν”). 2.62.5: “ἧς ἐν τῷ ἀπόρῳ” (sc. “ἐστίν”) “ἡ ἰσχύς”.

AR. Ach. 19-20: “ὡς νῦν, ὁπότ᾽ ... ἔρημος ῾σξ. “ἐστίν”） ἡ πνὺξ αὑτηί” .

EUR. Hipp. 659-60: “ἔστ᾽ ἂν ἔκδημος χθονὸς” | “Θησεύς” (sc. “ᾖ”).

PIND. O. 1.84: “θανεῖν δ᾽ οἷσιν ἀνάγκα” (sc. “ἐστίν”). Ibid. 3.42: “εἰ δ᾽ ἀριστεύει μὲν ὕδωρ, κτεάνων δὲ χρυσὸς αἰδοιέστατον” (sc. “ἐστίν”).

HES. O. et D. 40: “οὐδὲ ἴσασιν, ὅσῳ πλέον ἥμισυ παντός” (sc. “ἐστίν”).

HOM. Od. 15.393-4: “οὐδέ τί σε χρή, πρὶν ὥρη ῾σξ. ἔῃ）, καταλέχθαι” .

Il. 1.116: “εἰ τό γ᾽ ἄμεινον” (sc. “ἐστίν”). Ibid. 156-7: “ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα πολλὰ μεταξὺ” | “οὔρεά τε σκιόεντα” (sc. “ἐστίν”). Ibid. 547: “ἀλλ᾽ ὃν μέν κ̓ ἐπιεικὲς” (sc. “ἔῃ”) “ἀκουέμεν”. 5.480: “ὅς κ᾽ ἐπιδευής” (sc. “ἔῃ”), and so elsewhere. 20.434 (85).

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Omission of the verbal predicate.

[*] 87. As in other languages, so in Greek the verbal predicate may be omitted when it is more or less distinctly suggested by other words in the sentence. This happens most frequently in the case of verbs of Going, Coming, Doing, Happening, Saying. There seems to be no ellipsis of a definite word in examples of this kind.

LYCURG.119: “τί δοκοῦσιν ὑμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες” (sc. “ποιεῖν”?); “ἆρά γε ὁμοίως ὑμῖν περὶ τῶν ἀδικούντων γιγνώσκειν”;

DEM.24.187: “καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτου κατὰ σχολήν” (sc. “ἐρῶ”?). [56]DEM., 50: “δεῦρο” (sc. “ἴθι”?), “Δημόσθενες”.

ISOC.8.37: “οὐδὲν” (sc. “ποιοῦσιν”?) “ἀλλ᾽ ἢ συμβουλεύουσιν ἡμῖν πάλιν περὶ” “ἀνδραποδισμοῦ κινδυνεύειν” (cf. DEM.8.10: “σκοπεῖθ᾽ ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιοῦσιν ἢ καθιστᾶσι τὴν πόλιν εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον”).

ANDOC.1.150: “δεῦρο” (sc. “ἴτε”?) “Ἄνυτε, Κέφαλε, ἔτι δὲ καὶ οἱ φυλέται οἱ ᾑρημένοι μοι συνδικεῖν, Θράσυλλος καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι”.

PLATO, Theaet. 142A: “ἄρτι, ὦ Τερψίων, ἢ πάλαι ἐξ ἀγροῦ” (sc. “ἥκεις”);

XEN. An. 7.7.57: “φανερὸς ἦν οἴκαδε ῾σξ. “ἰέναι”̣̓ παρασκευαζόμενος” , Hell. 2.3.20: “κελεύσαντες ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα” (sc. “ἰέναι”?)

AR. Nub. 690: “δεῦρο δεῦρ᾽, Ἀμυνία” . Vesp. 142: “σὺ δὲ τῇ θύρᾳ πρόσκεισο. ταῦτ᾽, ὦ δέσποτα” (cf. PLATO, Cratyl. 440E: “ταῦτ᾽ ἔσται, ὦ Σώκρατες” ). Vesp. 982: “ἐς κόρακας. ὡς οὐκ ἀγαθόν ἐστι τὸ ῥοφεῖν” (cf. Ach.864: “παῦ᾽ ἐς κόρακας” . Nub. 133: “βάλλ᾽ ἐς κόρακας” . Plut.604: “ἔρρ᾽ ἐς κόρακας” ). Thesm. 241: “ὕδωρ ὕδωρ ῾σξ. “φέρετε”̣̓, ὦ γείτονες” . Ran. 1279: “εἰς τὸ βαλανεῖον ῾σξ. “ἰέναι”̣̓ βούλομαι” . Plut. 526: “ἐς κεφαλὴν σοί” (cf. Ach. 833: “πολυπραγμοσύνη νυν ἐς κεφαλὴν τράποιτ᾽ ἐμοί” . DEM.18.290: “ἃ σοὶ καὶ τοῖς σοῖς οἱ θεοὶ τρέψειαν εἰς κεφαλήν” ).